Editing Pope Alexander III (section)

==Early life and career==
Rolando was born in [[Siena]]. From the 14th century, he was referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of '''Bandinelli''', although this has not been proven.<ref>{{cite book |first=W. |last=Maleczek |title=Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 |language=de |location=Wien |isbn=978-3-7001-0660-9 |year=1984 |page=233 note 168 }}</ref> He was long thought to be the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one of the earliest commentaries on the ''[[Decretum Gratiani|Decretum]]'' of [[Gratian (jurist)|Gratian]]—and the "Sententiae Rolandi", a sentence collection displaying the influence of [[Pierre Abélard]], but John T. Noonan and Rudolf Weigand have shown this to be another Rolandus.<ref>See {{cite book |author-link=John T. Noonan |first=John T. |last=Noonan |chapter=Who was Rolandus? |title=Law, Church, and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner |editor1-first=Kenneth |editor1-last=Pennington |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Somerville |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1977 |pages=21–48 |isbn=978-0-8122-7726-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Rudolph |last=Weigand |title=Magister Rolandus und Papst Alexander III |journal=Archiv für Katholisches Kirchenrecht |volume=149 |year=1980 |pages=3–44 }} Reprinted in idem, ''Glossatoren des Dekrets Gratians'' [Goldbach: Keip, 1997], pp. 73*–114*, {{ISBN|3-8051-0272-0}}.</ref>

Rolando probably studied at Bologna, where [[Robert of Torigni]] notes that he taught theology.<ref name=Pennington>[http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Medieval%20Papacy/AlexanderIIIKP.html Pennington, Kenneth. "Pope Alexander III", ''The Great Popes through History: An Encyclopedia'', (Frank J. Coppa, ed.), Westport: Greenwood Press, (2002) 1.113-122] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012332/http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Medieval%20Papacy/AlexanderIIIKP.html |date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> In October 1150, [[Pope Eugene III]] created him [[Cardinal-Deacon]] of [[Santi Cosma e Damiano (Rome)|Santi Cosma e Damiano]]. Later he became [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Basilica di San Marco (Rome)|St Mark]].<ref name=Loughlin>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01287a.htm Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander III." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 July 2015</ref> In 1153, he became papal [[chancellor]] and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to Emperor [[Frederick I Barbarossa]].<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1159.html Sede Vacante 1159], retrieved: 18 March 2017.</ref> In 1156, he negotiated the [[Treaty of Benevento]], which restored peaceful relations between Rome and the [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=I. S.|last1=Robinson|title=The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|page=147|isbn=978-0521319225}}</ref> At the [[diet of Besançon]] in October 1157, he and Cardinal [[Bernard of San Clemente]] delivered a papal message that seemed to claim that Frederick I was a [[Papal fief|papal vassal]], resulting in a serious diplomatic incident.<ref>{{citation |author=John B. Freed |year=2016 |title=Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=201–214}}.</ref>