Editing Pontiac, Michigan (section)

== History ==
[[File:Pontiac Asylum c 1912.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Clinton Valley Center|Pontiac State Hospital]], {{c.|1912}}]]
[[File:Oak Hill Cemetery Pontiac MI B.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Buckland Memorial Chapel at [[Oak Hill Cemetery (Pontiac, Michigan)|Oak Hill Cemetery]]]]

Present-day Pontiac, Michigan was traversed for thousands of years by indigenous peoples due to the confluence of the Saginaw Trail and the Nottawassippi River; the river's indigenous name was replaced with the Clinton River name by settlers coming from New York State where DeWitt Clinton served as Governor. The Saginaw Trail was an important land trail route for indigenous peoples that ran from the Saginaw Bay in Michigan to the Detroit River in present-day Detroit.

Early European expeditions into the land north of Detroit described the area as having "extreme sterility and barrenness".<ref>Geer, Curtis M. (1904). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA291 ''The Louisiana Purchase and the Westward Movement''], p. 291. George Barrie & Sons.</ref> Developments and exploration were soon to prove that report false.

The first European-American settlers arrived in what is now the city of Pontiac in 1818. They followed the Saginaw Trail north from Detroit and determined the settlement should be where the trail and the river crossed. Two years later the fledgling settlement was designated as the county seat for Oakland County, due in part to the Michigan Territorial Governor Lewis Cass being receptive to the lobbying of The Pontiac Company's members that their recently acquired property was ideal for the county seat location.

The Pontiac Company, consisting of 15 members and chaired by Solomon Sibley of [[Detroit]], comprised the first landowners in Pontiac. Sibley, along with [[Stephen Mack]] and Shubael Conant, Pontiac Company members, also formed the partnership Mack, Conant & Sibley to develop a town. Solomon and his wife Sarah Sibley largely financed construction of the first buildings. While Solomon was the first chair of the Pontiac Company, for two years Sarah Sibley was the most active as the go-between with settlers at Pontiac. Solomon Sibley was constantly traveling as a Territorial Congressman and later a Territorial Supreme Court judge.<ref>Deed, "Mill Privilege," Oakland County, MI; Letter Sarah Sibley to Solomon, 1822, Sibley manuscript files, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library</ref> The [[Sibley-Hoyt House|Sibley-Hoyt house]], thought to be one of the first structures in Pontiac, is preserved by its private owner.

In the 1820s Elizabeth Denison, an unmarried, free black woman, worked for the Sibleys. They helped her buy land in Pontiac in 1825. Stephen Mack, agent for the Pontiac Company, signed the deed at the request of the Sibleys, conveying 48.5 acres to Elizabeth Denison. She is believed to be the first black woman to purchase land in the new territory of Michigan.<ref>Lisette, Swan, Elizabeth 1965; deeds, Oakland County, Michigan; ''Original Pontiac Company minutes,'' Pontiac Public Library</ref>

In 1837 Pontiac became a village, the same year that Michigan gained statehood.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yieMyqJ5rFMC&pg=PA133 ''Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan Passed at the Annual Session of 1837''], p. 133.  Detroit: John S. Bagg, State Printer</ref> The town had been named after the noted Ottawa Indian war chief who had his headquarters in the area decades before, during the resistance to European-American encroachment.<ref>Clark, Charles F. (1863). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BY3hAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA443 ''Michigan State Gazetteer and Business Directory''], p. 443.</ref> Founded on the [[Clinton River (Michigan)|Clinton River]], Pontiac was Michigan's first inland settlement.<ref>Fuller, George Newman (1916). [https://archive.org/details/economicsocialbe01full/page/490 ''Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan''], p. 490. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co.</ref> Rivers were critical to settlements as transportation ways, in addition to providing water and, later, power.

The village was incorporated by the legislature as a city in 1861. From the beginning, Pontiac's central location served it well. It attracted professional people, including doctors and lawyers, and soon became a center of industry. Woolen and grist mills made use of the [[Clinton River (Michigan)|Clinton River]] as a power source.

Abundant natural resources led to the establishment of several carriage manufacturing companies, all of which were thriving at the turn of the 20th century. One of the largest carriage manufacturing companies in Pontiac of that era was the O.J. Beaudette Wagon Works, which made bodies for carriages and then transitioned to manufacturing bodies for automobiles. At that time, the first self-propelled vehicles were introduced. Pontiac quickly became a capital of the new automotive industry.<ref>Seeley, Thaddeus D. (1912). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ahPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291 ''History of Oakland County, Michigan''], Vol. I, pp. 323, 327–31. The Lewis Publishing Company.</ref>

Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, Pontiac had tremendous growth in its population and size as tens of thousands of prospective autoworkers moved here from the South to work in its GM auto assembly plants at [[Pontiac Assembly]]. African Americans came in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], seeking work, education, and the chance to vote and escape the oppression of [[Jim Crow]] in the South.
[[File:Fairgrove Avenue Historic District Pontiac MI B.JPG|thumb|left|Houses in the [[Fairgrove Avenue Historic District]]]]
As the small "horseless carriage" manufacturers became consolidated under the mantle of the General Motors Corporation, Pontiac grew as the industry grew. It also suffered the same setbacks as other cities during the [[Great Depression]] years of the 1930s.<ref>Lewis, Pierce. "America Between the Wars: The Engineering of a New Geography." In McIlwraith, Thomas F. & Muller, Edward K., eds. (2nd ed. 2001), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA384 ''North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent''], p. 384. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</ref> The buildup of the defense industry and conversion of the automotive industry to war demands increased the need for labor. Pontiac was a pivotal concentration of wartime production for the United States in World War II. Among many other vehicles and weapons, Pontiac facilities produced thousands of GMC trucks, Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns, naval torpedoes, tank axles, amphibious vehicles, and munitions.

The first postwar years after World War II were a time of prosperity, and continued migration of African Americans to the city in the second wave of the Great Migration, but the city changed as suburbs were developed and people commuted by car to work. The more established residents moved out to buy newer housing being built in the suburbs, draining off business and resulting in vacancies downtown. Racist policies and racial animus toward the growing African American population was also an important factor, and until the mid-1960s with the enactment of Fair Housing ordinances, most of the properties in Pontiac neighborhoods contained racially restrictive covenants in the deeds.

In order to prevent flooding, Pontiac confined the Clinton River in concrete through the downtown in 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20130214/pontiac-studies-uncovering-clinton-river-to-create-waterfront-community-with-video |title = Pontiac studies uncovering Clinton River to create waterfront community |last = Blitchok |first = Dustin |publisher = The Oakland Press |date = 14 February 2013 |website = Theoaklandpress.com |access-date= 9 December 2013 }}</ref> Changing ideas about urban living in the early 21st century prompted the city to study uncovering the river to create a waterfront community in the city.

In late 1966, Pontiac-born real estate developer [[A. Alfred Taubman]] tried to build a large-scale shopping mall on vacant downtown land (where the Phoenix Center now stands). It was unsuccessful. Pontiac resident C. Don Davidson and his [[University of Detroit]] architectural class created a more comprehensive plan for development to benefit the city and the entire region around it. In 1969, the city of Pontiac adopted the Pontiac Plan as the official plan for rebuilding the vacant area of the downtown district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dondavidson.blogspot.com |title=Pontiac Phoenix Center – Part of an Urban Renewal Project Known as the Pontiac Plan, ca. 1966–1979 |work=Dondavidson.blogspot.com |access-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Where Is Everyone?.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Pontiac Silverdome]] in 2006]]
In 1965, Davidson overheard news that the [[Detroit Lions]] were seeking a new football stadium in Southeast Michigan.  Professor Davidson and city leaders made a push to develop a new multi-purpose stadium, which was built and became known as the [[Silverdome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xqzmfoobPOM/Sb9E139coVI/AAAAAAAAAqI/QFn8sZFxRP4/s1600/stadium+1968.GIF |format=GIF |title=City to Push for Stadium |website=1.bp.blogspot.com |access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref> Construction began on the 80,000-seat stadium in 1972 and it opened in 1975 as the Pontiac Metropolitan Stadium.

This was a part of Davidson's vision for Pontiac. Besides becoming the new home stadium of the NFL's [[Detroit Lions]], NBA's [[Detroit Pistons]] and USFL's [[Michigan Panthers]], the arena hosted such events as the 1979 [[NBA All-Star Game]], the 1982 [[Super Bowl XVI]] game between the [[San Francisco 49ers]] and [[Cincinnati Bengals]], and four matches of soccer's [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverdome-architect.blogspot.com/2009/03/conception-of-pontiac-silverdome.html |title=Pontiac Silverdome History and Conception: Conception of the Pontiac Silverdome |work=Silverdome-architect.blogspot.com |date=February 3, 1971 |access-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref>

In 1968 there was an outbreak of a [[Influenza|flu]]-like disease called [[Pontiac fever]]. After the discovery of the [[Bacteria|bacterium]] [[Legionella pneumophila]] in 1976 in [[Philadelphia]], blood specimens from 1968 were re-examined and the same bacterium was found.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cordes |first1=Lester G. |last2=Fraser |first2=David W. |date=1980-05-01 |title=Legionellosis: Legionnaires' disease; Pontiac fever |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025712516316005 |journal=Medical Clinics of North America |language=en |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=395–416 |doi=10.1016/S0025-7125(16)31600-5 |pmid=6993807 |issn=0025-7125}}</ref>

On August 30, 1971, ten school buses were destroyed in a bombing during white resistance to a federal court order to desegregate the city's public schools.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flint|first=Jerry M.|date=September 1, 1971|title=Pontiac to Integrate, Despite Bus Bombings|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/01/archives/pontiac-to-integrate-despite-bus-bombings.html|access-date=December 8, 2021}}</ref>

Construction began in the 1970s on an urban renewal project known as the "Pontiac Plan".  The initial phase of this plan included the Phoenix Center, three office buildings, a transportation center, and a high-rise residential complex. The remainder of the plan was never completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dondavidson.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-could-have-been.html |title=Pontiac Phoenix Center – Part of an Urban Renewal Project Known as the Pontiac Plan, ca. 1966–1979: The Pontiac Plan – Phoenix Center, 1966–1979 |work=Dondavidson.blogspot.com |access-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref> The city has struggled with declining population since 1980, due to industrial restructuring and the loss of jobs, especially in the automotive industry.

===Emergency financial manager===
From 2009 through 2013, Pontiac was under the oversight of an Emergency Financial Manager appointed by the state government. The Emergency Manager was authorized to make day-to-day executive and financial municipal decisions. The position was not subject to the usual checks and balances, nor to election. The first and second managers, Fred Leeb and Michael Stampfler, were appointed by Michigan Governor [[Jennifer Granholm]]. The third manager was Louis Schimmel, who was appointed by Governor [[Rick Snyder]].

In order to balance the budget, state-appointed emergency managers drastically revised labor union contracts with the city, sold off city assets such as parking meters, and privatized most public services. The Oakland County Sheriff's Office handles all police (saving $2 million a year) and nearby Waterford township has responsibility for fire protection (saving $3 million). Pontiac sold its water treatment plant for $55 million, and outsources garbage collection, animal control, vital records and street maintenance. Many people working in City Hall are employed by contractors. The city payroll has declined from 600 to 50 employees. The Silverdome Stadium, once valued at $22 million, was sold for $583,000 (it would end up being demolished in December 2017). The emergency managers reduced the city's annual spending to $36 million from $57 million, and erased almost all of its long-term debt.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yaccino|first1=Steven|title=Lessons for Detroit in a City's Takeover|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/us/lessons-for-detroit-in-pontiacs-years-of-emergency-oversight.html|website=New York Times|access-date=30 November 2014|date=2013-03-13}}</ref>

In August 2013, Schimmel resigned as Emergency Financial Manager. Schimmel now serves as part of the four-member Transition Advisory Board for the city.<ref>{{cite news | last=Blitchok | first=Dustin | title=Pontiac Emergency Manager Lou Schimmel resigns, will serve on transition board appointed to city | date=August 19, 2013 | url=http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20130819/pontiac-emergency-manager-lou-schimmel-resigns-will-serve-on-transition-board-appointed-to-city | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224143810/http://www.theoaklandpress.com/general-news/20130819/pontiac-emergency-manager-lou-schimmel-resigns-will-serve-on-transition-board-appointed-to-city | archive-date=December 24, 2013 | work=theoaklandpress.com }}</ref> Other members of the board include Deputy Oakland County Executive Bob Daddow, Rochester Hills Finance Director Keith Sawdon, and Ed Karyzno, administrator of the Michigan Department of Treasury's Office of Financial Responsibility.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transition|url=http://pontiac.mi.us/emergency_finance_manager/index.php|website=City of Pontiac, MI|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

In July 2012, Mayor Leon Jukowski and Emergency Financial Manager Louis Schimmel announced plans to demolish the Phoenix Center. Its vacancy rates were high, and the city did not want to continue the high maintenance costs. New thinking about downtown was to re-emphasize the street grid; the city wanted to reconnect Saginaw Street to the downtown area. Owners of the connecting Ottawa Towers filed an injunction, claiming the demolition would devalue their property and result in lost parking. In December 2012, a judge granted an injunction for the Ottawa Towers on an "expedited calendar", which prevented the demolition of the Phoenix Center for the time being.<ref>{{cite web |title=Injunction keeps Phoenix Center standing |date=November 30, 2012 |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20121130/NEWS/121139978/injunction-keeps-phoenix-center-standing |publisher=Crain's Detroit Business |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref>

In 2010, city leaders and business owners had launched "The Rise of The Phoenix" initiative. This plan was intended to attract businesses interested in downtown retail space. The applicants selected would be given free rent in exchange for multi-year leases (two years or more) as well as one year of free parking in city lots. Some 52 new businesses were recruited to locate in downtown Pontiac, bringing new life to the city. Plans for the development of mixed-use and loft flats in downtown were announced in September 2011 by the Michigan Economic Growth Authority (MEGA). MEGA estimates the development could generate $20.4 million in new investment and create up to 107 permanent full-time jobs in downtown. The development was to be supported by a state tax break.<ref>{{cite web |author=SHAUN BYRONOf The Oakland Press |url=http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2011/09/13/news/doc4e6f9a12d0b1b835475669.txt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411225343/http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2011/09/13/news/doc4e6f9a12d0b1b835475669.txt |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |title=Large-scale commercial, residential development for downtown Pontiac secures state tax break |website=Theoaklandpress.com |date=September 13, 2011 |access-date=August 17, 2012 }}</ref>

On January 26, 2012, West Construction Services began the renovation and restoration of the former [[Sears]] building for the Lafayette Place Lofts, the largest construction investment in Downtown Pontiac in approximately 30 years. The {{convert|80000|sqft|adj=on}} project is a [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED) certified residential and commercial mixed-use development: it will have 46 new urban rental lofts, a fresh food grocery store and café, and a fitness center. Construction was completed during 2012, and the lofts and market opened in December of that year.{{update after|2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clickondetroit.com/money/Historic-Pontiac-Sears-building-to-be-transformed-into-Lafayette-Place-Lofts/-/1719116/8505766/-/d98xfmz/-/index.html |title=Historic Pontiac Sears building to be transformed into Lafayette Place Lofts &#124; Money – Home |work=Clickondetroit.com |date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111124107/http://www.clickondetroit.com/money/Historic-Pontiac-Sears-building-to-be-transformed-into-Lafayette-Place-Lofts/-/1719116/8505766/-/d98xfmz/-/index.html |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 10 West Lofts, another development in the area, will bring more residents to downtown Pontiac.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theoaklandpress.com/articles/2012/02/12/news/local_news/doc4f36eddeb5120534858680.txt#disqus_thread |title=Pontiac loft living about to expand |website=Theoaklandpress.com |date=February 12, 2012 |access-date=August 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217134057/http://theoaklandpress.com/articles/2012/02/12/news/local_news/doc4f36eddeb5120534858680.txt#disqus_thread |archive-date=February 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>