Editing Ponca City, Oklahoma (section)

==History==
[[File:Cherokee Outlet 1885.jpg|thumb|left|Ponca City was founded after the United States opened the Cherokee Outlet for European-American settlement in the Cherokee Strip land run, the largest land run in United States history.]]
Ponca City was created in 1893 as "New Ponca" after the [[United States]] opened the [[Cherokee Outlet]] for European-American settlement during the [[Land Run of 1893|Cherokee Strip land run]], the largest [[land run]] in United States history.<ref name="collier">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=William D. Halsey |encyclopedia=Collier's Encyclopedia |title=Ponca City |year=1976 |publisher=Macmillan Educational Corporation |volume=19 |page=236}}</ref> The site for Ponca City was selected for its proximity to the [[Arkansas River]], a railway, and the presence of a [[Spring (hydrology)|freshwater spring]] near the river at what is modern 13th Street and South Avenue in Ponca City. The city was laid out by Burton Barnes, who drew up the first [[surveying|survey]] of the city and sold certificates for the [[land lot|lots]] he had surveyed. After the drawing for lots in the city was completed, Barnes was elected the city's first mayor.<ref name="Founding">Louis Seymour Barnes, [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v035/v035p154.pdf "The Founding of Ponca City"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523215944/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v035/v035p154.pdf |date=2011-05-23 }}, ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'' 35 (Summer 1957).</ref>

Another city, [[Cross, Oklahoma|Cross]], vied with Ponca City to become the leading city in the area. After the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] had opened a station in Cross, people thought it would not open another in Ponca City because of the two cities' proximity.<ref name="Founding" /> New Ponca boosters eventually secured [[Ponca City station|a station]] after offering the Santa Fe station agent two town lots and the free relocation of his house from Cross.<ref name="OKEncyc">Paula Carmack Denson, [http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=PO008 "Ponca City"], ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture'', retrieved March 6, 2015</ref> Ponca City reportedly obtained its first boxcar station by some Ponca City supporters going to Cross and returning with the town's station pulled behind them.<ref name="Founding" /> Cross eventually became defunct, and today, what was once Cross is now a residential district in Ponca City. In 1913, New Ponca changed its name to Ponca City.<ref name="OKEncyc" />

===Petroleum industry===
[[File:Statue of E. W. Marland.jpg|upright|thumb|left|The statue of oilman [[E. W. Marland]], founder of Marland Oil (later Conoco), who later was elected as a U.S. congressman and Oklahoma governor]]
Ponca City's history and economy has been shaped chiefly by the ebb and flow of the [[petroleum industry]]. [[E. W. Marland]], a [[Pennsylvania]] oil man, came to Oklahoma and founded the [[Marland Oil Company]], which once controlled about 10% of the world's [[oil reserves]].<ref>Aptman, Patti, ''Lydie's Legend: E.W. Marland's Tragic Love'', 1995, p. 4</ref> He founded the [[101 Ranch Oil Company]], located on the [[Miller Brothers 101 Ranch]], and drilled his first successful oil well on land he leased in 1911 from the Ponca tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]].<ref name="conoco1913">[http://www.conocophillips.com/EN/about/who_we_are/history/conoco/Pages/index.aspx#1913 Conoco Inc. Company History] at Conoco Phillips company website (retrieved March 2, 2010).</ref> He was elected in 1932 as a U.S. congressman and in 1934 as governor of Oklahoma.

Marland's exploitation of oil reserves generated growth and wealth that were previously unimaginable on the Oklahoma prairie, and his company virtually built the city from the ground up.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Marland and his associates built mansions to display their new wealth, including the Grand Home and the [[E.W. Marland Estate]] (once called the "Palace on the Prairie"). Because of this period of wealth and affluence, Ponca City has a high concentration of buildings that exemplify the popular [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture]] of the period, as well as [[Art Deco]]-influenced buildings and homes.

The "Roaring '20s" came to an end for Ponca City shortly before the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After a successful takeover bid by [[J. P. Morgan Jr.|J.P. Morgan, Jr.]], son of financier [[J.P. Morgan]], [[Marland Oil Company|Marland Oil Co]]. merged with [[Conoco|Continental Oil Co.]] in the late 1920s.<ref name="conoco1913"/> It was known as [[Conoco]] for more than 70 years. The company maintained its headquarters in Ponca City until 1949 and continued to grow into a global corporation.

During the oil boom years of the 1980s, [[Conoco]] was owned by the [[DuPont]] Corp., which took control of the company in 1981.<ref name="conoco1913"/> After nearly two decades of ownership and an oil bust that crippled Oklahoma's economy in the late 1980s, DuPont sold off its Conoco assets in 1998.<ref name="conoco1913"/> In 2002, [[Conoco]] merged with [[Phillips Petroleum]] (another major petroleum player with roots in northern Oklahoma) to become [[ConocoPhillips]].<ref name="conoco1913"/> ConocoPhillips was then the sixth-largest publicly traded oil company in the world, and the third largest in the United States.<ref name="conoco1913"/> It maintains a significant presence in its historic home state.

Since the company has reduced its workforce and facilities in the city, the population has declined steadily since the early 1990s. In February 2009, [[ConocoPhillips]] announced that all of its remaining non[[refinery]] operations in Ponca City (representing 750 jobs) would be moved out of the city.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?subjectid=48&articleid=20090218_49_A1_PONCAC92079 Rod Walton, "750 jobs in Ponca City will move: All ConocoPhillips non-refinery work is leaving town"], ''[[Tulsa World]]'', February 18, 2009.</ref> The city's recent efforts to grow its economy beyond the petroleum industry have attracted a number of technology, manufacturing, and service jobs.

In 2005, [[ConocoPhillips]] announced plans to build a $5 million museum across from its Ponca City refinery. Opened to the public in May 2007, the Conoco Museum features artifacts, photographs, and other historical items related to the petroleum industry and its culture in northern Oklahoma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Griffin|first=David|title=Museums to trace history of Conoco, Phillips|url=https://www.newson6.com/story/5e368b972f69d76f620a2a30/museums-to-trace-history-of-conoco-phillips|access-date=2021-10-11|website=www.newson6.com|language=en}}</ref> A sister museum, Phillips Petroleum Company Museum, was to be opened in [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]]. Funded by a private foundation, the Conoco Museum charges no admission fee.

In 2012, [[ConocoPhillips]] split into two separate companies, with the upstream portion retaining the [[ConocoPhillips]] name and the refining and transportation portions taking the name [[Phillips 66]].

Based in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], Phillips 66 continues to operate a 200,000-barrel-per-day refinery. [https://www.phillips66.com/refining/ponca-city-refinery Phillips 66 | Ponca City Refinery] in Ponca City.

===Native Americans===
[[File:Statue of Standing Bear seen from West.jpg|thumb|right|The statue of Standing Bear honors the [[Ponca]] chief who successfully argued in U.S. District Court in a landmark civil rights case in 1879 that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" and have the rights of citizenship.]]
[[File:Ponca City Standing Bear Museum Dedication.jpg|thumb|right|Native American young people are holding flags of their tribes at the dedication of the Standing Bear Museum.]]
Until recently, European Americans' accounts of their settlement and the growth of the oil industry in Ponca City have often overshadowed both the long ancient history of [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] in the area, and those tribes who were resettled to Oklahoma in the 19th century under [[Indian Removal]].

Ponca City is named after the [[Ponca]] tribe, part of whom were relocated from [[Nebraska]] to northern Oklahoma from 1877 to 1880. Like all of the forced American Indigenous removals of the 19th century, the Poncas' trek was arduous. Followed by the [[United States]] government's failure to provide adequate supplies and [[malaria]] at their destination, nearly one-third of the Ponca died from illness and exposure. "Out of 700 Ponca who left the Nebraska reservation, 158 died in Oklahoma within two years."<ref>Federal Writers' Project, ''Nebraska: A Guide to the Cornhusker State'',  Works Projects Administration for the State of Nebraska, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1939, reprinted 1979, p. 36</ref>

The [[Ponca]] protested their conditions. An additional irritant occurred upon the death of [[Standing Bear]]'s oldest son in 1879. The chief had promised to bury him in his homeland, and about 60 Ponca accompanied him back to Nebraska. The [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] was ordered to arrest them for having left the reservation, and they were confined to [[Fort Omaha]]. Most of the tribal members who left eventually returned to the reservation in [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/stories/0601_0104.html |title=The Ponca Trail of Tears: Standing Bear Returns and Is Arrested |publisher=Nebraska Studies |work=The Trial of Standing Bear |access-date=2010-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616211804/http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0600/frameset_reset.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskastudies.org%2F0600%2Fstories%2F0601_0104.html |archive-date=2011-06-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With the aid of prominent attorneys working ''[[pro bono]]'', [[Standing Bear]] filed a writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' challenging his arrest. The case of ''[[Standing Bear v. Crook]]'' (1879) was a landmark decision in the [[United States district court|U.S. District Court]], where the judge ruled that Indians had the same legal rights as other [[United States]] citizens.

A statue of [[Standing Bear]] was erected in his honor at the intersection of Highway 60 and Standing Bear Parkway in Ponca City. In the late 20th century, the city developed a park and museum named in his honor. In addition to the Standing Bear Museum, the 63-acre park includes more than eight fully developed acres with off street parking, a one-acre pond and a walking trail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standingbearpark.com/|title=Home|website=Standing Bear}}</ref>

The [[Ponca Nation]], which has kept its headquarters south of Ponca City since 1879, played a major part in the development of the Marland Oil Company and the city. Chief White Eagle leased resource-containing portions of the tribe's allotted land to E.W. Marland in 1911 for oil exploration and development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ponca {{!}} The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=PO007|access-date=2021-02-17|website=www.okhistory.org}}</ref>

Since the late 20th century, the [[Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma|Ponca tribe]] has worked to build its infrastructure and improve services for its people. In February 2006, the tribe received a grant of more than $800,000 from the [[Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community]] of [[Minnesota]] for debt retirement and economic development.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

Nearby north-central tribes are the [[Kaw people|Kaw]], [[Osage Nation|Osage]], [[Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians|Otoe-Missouria]], [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]], and [[Tonkawa]]. These are all federally recognized tribes, as is the [[Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma]]. In 1994, the six tribes established the Standing Bear Foundation and Pow-wow, beginning the first of annual shared [[pow-wow]]s, to which they invite the public. They wanted to build collaboration among the tribes and with the non-Native residents of Ponca City. The pow-wow is now held in Standing Bear Park.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}