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==Political background== {{Unreferenced|section|date=August 2023}} For hundreds of years, Yemen was ruled by [[Imams of Yemen|imams]] who had absolute power over the political process in the country. The [[imams of Yemen]] and later the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the [[Zaidiyyah]] branch of [[Shia Islam]]. They established a blend of religious and secular rule in parts of [[Yemen]] from 897. Their imamate endured under varying circumstances until the [[History of Yemen|republican revolution]] in 1962. Zaidiyyah theology differed from [[Ismailis]] or [[Twelver Shi'ites]] by stressing the presence of an active and visible imam as leader. This came to an end with the assassination of Imam Yehia. His son, Imam Ahmad succeeded him but the political situation deteriorated with the beginning of the [[North Yemen Civil War]] in 1962 with the overthrow of Imam Badr and the setting of a new, Republican regime. While in the North, during the civil war, the pro-monarch and pro-republican forces fought for power, the South of Yemen was under British control. During the 1960s, the British sought to incorporate all of the [[Aden Protectorate]] territories into the Federation. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated against the wishes of much of the city's populace as the State of Aden, and the Federation was renamed the [[Federation of South Arabia]]. Several more states subsequently joined the Federation and the remaining states that declined to join, mainly in Hadhramaut, formed the [[Protectorate of South Arabia]]. In 1963 fighting between Egyptian forces and British-led [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]]-financed [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]s in the [[Yemen Arab Republic]] spread to South Arabia with the formation of the [[National Liberation Front (Yemen)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), who hoped to force the British out of South Arabia. Hostilities started with a grenade attack by the NLF against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a [[state of emergency]] was declared, becoming known as the [[Aden Emergency]]. In 1964, the new British government under [[Harold Wilson]] announced their intention to hand over power to the Federation of South Arabia in 1968, but that the British military would remain. In 1964, there were around 280 guerrilla attacks, and over 500 in 1965. In 1966 the British Government announced that all British forces would be withdrawn at independence. In response, the security situation deteriorated with the creation of the [[socialism|socialist]] [[Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen]] (FLOSY) which started to attack the NLF in a bid for power, as well as attacking the British. The British were defeated and driven from Aden by the end of November 1967, earlier than had been planned by British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] and without an agreement on the succeeding governance. Their enemies, the NLF, managed to seize power, with Aden itself under NLF control. The [[Royal Marines]], who had been the first British troops to occupy Aden in 1839, were the last to leave. The Federation of South Arabia collapsed and Southern Yemen became independent as the [[People's Republic of South Yemen]]. Following this Yemen suffered from a highly fractured political landscape, which is the legacy of the regime of President Ali Abd Allah Saleh, who came to power in 1978 and formally resigned his office in February 2012. ===Reunification=== The [[Republic of Yemen]] (ROY) was declared on 22 May 1990 with Saleh becoming president and al-Baidh Vice President. For the first time in centuries, much of [[Greater Yemen]] was politically united. A 30-month transitional period for completing the [[Yemenite reunification|unification of the two political and economic systems]] was set. A presidential council was jointly elected by the 26-member YAR advisory council and the 17-member PDRY presidium. The presidential council appointed a Prime Minister, who formed a Cabinet. There was also a 301-seat provisional unified [[Assembly of Representatives of Yemen|parliament]], consisting of 159 members from the north, 111 members from the south, and 31 independent members appointed by the chairman of the council. A unity constitution was agreed upon in May 1990 and ratified by the populace in May 1991. It affirmed Yemen's commitment to free elections, a multiparty political system, the right to own private property, equality under the law, and respect for basic human rights. Parliamentary elections were held on 27 April 1993. International groups assisted in the organization of the elections and observed actual balloting. The resulting Parliament included 143 GPC, 69 YSP, 63 Islaah (Yemeni grouping for reform, a party composed of various tribal and religious groups), six Baathis, three Nasserists, two Al Haq, and 15 independents. The head of Islaah, Paramount [[Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar|Hashid Sheik Abdallah Bin Husayn Al-Ahmar]], was the speaker of Parliament. From late 1991 through early 1992, deteriorating economic conditions led to significant domestic unrest, including several riots. Legislative elections were nonetheless held in early 1993, and in May the two former ruling parties, the GPC and the YSP merged to create a single political party with an overall majority in the new [[House of Representatives of Yemen|House of Representatives]]. In August Vice President al Baydh exiled himself voluntarily to [[Aden]], and the country's general security situation deteriorated as political rivals settled scores and tribal elements took advantage of the widespread unrest. In January 1994, representatives of the main political parties signed a document of pledge and accord in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]], that was designed to resolve the ongoing crisis. Despite this, clashes intensified until [[civil war]] broke out in early May 1994. === Yemeni uprising === {{main article|Yemeni revolution}} [[File:Yemen protest2.jpg|thumb|Protesters in Sana'a on 3 February.]] The [[2011 Yemeni protests]] followed the initial stages of the [[Arab Spring]] and began simultaneously with the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egyptian Revolution]]. The protests were initially against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption, as well as against the government's proposals to modify the [[constitution of Yemen]]. The protestors' demands then escalated to calls for President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] to resign. The situation however quickly deteriorated into a widescale [[2011 Yemeni uprising|uprising]], with various insurgency campaigns consolidating into armed struggles, both between the armed opposition and terror groups vs. the government and among themselves. Eventually, a Saudi-brokered agreement on Saleh's resignation and [[Yemeni presidential election, 2012|2012 Presidential election]] saw the installation of [[Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]] as an interim President. Hadi has been presiding over political reform and national reconciliation and was supposed to serve only two years in the post. In November 2013 U.N. envoy Jamal Benomar told The [[Associated Press]] Hadi will remain president after February 2014 because the transition is not likely to be completed earlier due to "obstruction" from former regime loyalists.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/yemen-envoy-transition-years-20926722| title =Yemen UN Envoy: Transition Will Be Beyond 2 Years| work =[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]| access-date = 18 November 2013}}</ref>
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