Editing Politics of Turkey (section)

== National government ==
{{Main|Government of Turkey|Judicial system of Turkey}}
[[Turkey]] is a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy]] and a [[Constitution of Turkey|constitutional]] [[republic]] within a [[Diversity (politics)|pluriform]] [[Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey|multi-party system]], in which the [[President of Turkey|president]] (the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]), [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|parliament]], and [[Judicial system of Turkey|judiciary]] share [[Separation of powers|powers]] reserved to the national government.

The government is divided into three branches, as per the specific terms articulated in part three of the [[constitution of Turkey|Turkish Constitution]]:
* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Parliament]] makes [[law]], debates and adopts the budget bills, [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, proclaims [[amnesty]] and [[pardon]], and has the power of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duties and Powers |url=https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/13 |website=global.tbmm.gov.tr |publisher=The Grand National Assembly of Turkey |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405013028/https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/icerik/13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: [[President of Turkey|The president]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law (subject to parliamentary override), can issue [[Decree|presidential decrees]] on matters regarding executive power with exception of fundamental rights, individual rights and certain political rights (parliamentary laws prevail presidential decrees), and appoints the [[Cabinet of Turkey|members of the Cabinet]] and other officers, who administer and enforce national laws and policies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duties and Powers |url=https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/presidency/power/ |website=www.tccb.gov.tr |publisher=Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108091509/https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/presidency/power/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Constitutional Court]] (for [[constitutionality|constitutional adjudication]] and review of individual applications concerning human rights), the [[Court of Cassation of Turkey|Court of Cassation]] (final decision maker in ordinary judiciary), the [[Turkish Council of State|Council of State]] (final decision maker in administrative judiciary) and the [[Court of Jurisdictional Disputes]] (for resolving the disputes between courts for constitutional jurisdiction) are the four organizations that are described by the Constitution as supreme courts. The judges of the Constitutional Court are appointed by the president and the parliament.<ref name="Constitution2019">{{cite web |title=Turkish Constitution |url=https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/ |website=www.anayasa.gov.tr |publisher=Anayasa Mahkemesi |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703223625/https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Legislative power is invested in the 600-seat [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi''), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a five-year term by mitigated [[proportional representation]] with an [[election threshold]] of 7%. To be represented in Parliament, a party must win at least 7% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win enough to get one seat.

The freedom and independence of the judicial system is protected within the constitution. There is no organization, person, or institution which can interfere in the running of the courts, and the executive and legislative structures must obey the courts' decisions. The courts, which are independent in discharging their duties, must explain each ruling on the basis of the provisions of the Constitution, the laws, jurisprudence, and their personal convictions.

The Judicial system is highly structured. Turkish courts have no jury system; judges render decisions after establishing the facts in each case based on evidence presented by lawyers and prosecutors. For minor civil complaints and offenses, justices of the peace take the case. This court has a single judge. It has jurisdiction over misdemeanors and petty crimes, with penalties ranging from small fines to brief prison sentences. Three-judge courts of first instance have jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes. Any conviction in a criminal case can be taken to a court of Appeals for judicial review.