Editing Politics of Mexico (section)

== Framework of twentieth-century politics ==
The [[Mexican Revolution]] (1910–1920) followed the overturn of [[Porfirio Díaz]]'s dictatorship and ended with a new Mexican government being established within the legal framework of the [[Constitution of Mexico|Constitution of 1917]].<ref>Duncan, Raymond. "The Mexican Constitution OF 1917
compared with the Constitution of 1857" in ''American Academy of Political and Social Science''. Philadelphia: 1917, p. 8–122.</ref> The following regime can be considered a semi-authoritarian political model (or [[hybrid regime]]).<ref>Ai Camp, Roderic. "Democratizing Mexican Politics, 1982–2012" in ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia''. Claremont: 2015, p. 1.</ref> In 1920, a successful general in the Revolution named [[Alvaro Obregón]] overthrew the temporary government of the revolutionary leader [[Venustiano Carranza]], which resulted in his election as the President of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/obregons-vision-for-mexico.html#obj001|title=Revolt against Carranza, His Death, and Obregón's 1920 Presidential Campaign |website=Library of Congress|language=en |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref> He was then replaced by [[Plutarco Elías Calles]], who ruled Mexico from 1924 to 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themexicanrevolution1910.weebly.com/plutarco-elias-calles.html|title=Plutarco Elias Calles |language=en |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref> After a rule change that prevented two mandates by the same person, Obregón returned to power in 1928 but was assassinated shortly after.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/culturas/alvaro-obregon-asi-fue-el-asesinato-del-caudillo/|title=Álvaro Obregón: así fue el asesinato del caudillo |website=El Financiero|date=17 July 2018 |language=es |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> As a result, outgoing president Calles founded a political party, the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|Partido Nacional Revolucionario]] (PNR), to solve the immediate political crisis of the assassination and to create a long-term framework for political stability, especially the transition of presidential regimes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historicas.unam.mx/moderna/ehmc/ehmc07/085.html#rnf4|title=El Nacional Revolucionario, 9 de junio de 1929 |website=El Nacional Revolucionario|language=es |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> The period from 1920–1934 in Mexico was marked by a strong presence of military in government and a failure to implement revolutionary reforms.<ref name="Raby, David 1976, p. 27">Raby, David. "Mexican Political and Social Development since 1920" in ''Canadian Association of Latin American and Caribbean Studies''. Toronto: 1976, p. 27.</ref>

Under President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] (1934–40), the party transformed into the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|Partido de la Revolución Mexicana]], which was organized on a corporate basis, with peasants, labor, the popular sector, and the military each having a division, with power centralized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Del_partido_de_grupo_al_partido_de_masas_La_transformacion_del_PNR_al_PRM|title=Del Partido de grupo al partido de masas: La transformación del PNR al PRM |website=Gobierno de Mexico|language=es |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref> The PRM aimed to mediate conflicts between competing sectors within the party, becoming an extension of the Mexican state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/3/30031938.html|title=El PNR se convierte en el Partido de la Revolución Mexicana |website=Memoria Politica de Mexico|language=es |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref> In 1946, the party was transformed into the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] (PRI), and the army was no longer a sector.<ref>Schmidt, Samuel. "Politics and Government: 1946–1996" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 1121–27.</ref><ref>Brachet-Márquez, Viviane. "Politics and Government: 1910–1946" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 1118–21.</ref> During this time, the government [[nationalized]] key industries, such as oil, and implemented [[land reforms]] that redistributed property to peasants.<ref>Rippy, Merrill. "The Nationalized Oil Industry of Mexico: 1938–55". Chicago: The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 1957, pp. 6–18.</ref><ref>Dell, Melissa. "Path dependence in development: Evidence from the Mexican Revolution". Boston: Harvard University Press 2012, pp. 1–37.</ref>

Mexico experienced political tension and rising economic instability throughout the second decade of the twentieth century.<ref name="Raby, David 1976, p. 27"/> The late 1960s and early 1970s saw multiple protests from students and left-wing groups against PRI's authoritarian rule, to which the government responded with a crackdown that culminated in the infamous [[Tlatelolco Massacre]] of 1968, in which hundreds of protesters were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1968.blackstudies.ucsb.edu/mexico_photos.html|title=Mexico, October 2, 1968 – The Tlatelolco Massacre |website=1968: A Global Year of Student Driven Change – UCSB Department of Black Studies|language=en |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref> However, the year 1982 gave way to market restructuring policies and gradual political reforms that prompted the [[democratic transition]] of Mexico (1982–2012).<ref name="ReferenceA">Ai Camp, Roderic. ''Democratizing Mexican Politics, 1982–2012''. Oxford University Press: 2015</ref>  The first efforts to introduce free and fair elections came with President [[Miguel de la Madrid]] in 1983. Still, the attempt was unsuccessful, as he was opposed by politicians in his party.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The 1988 elections, won by [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] against [[Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas]] (son of former President Lázaro Cárdenas), were regarded as "the most fraudulent in Mexico's history.<ref>Schmidt, "Politics and Government, 1946–1996", p. 1126.</ref> In 1989, politicians of the PRI who rejected Salinas's pro-market reforms formed the [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]].<ref>Bruhn, Kathleen. ''Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico''. Penn State University Press 2004</ref> In the wake of the fraudulent 1988 elections, the administration of elections was taken out of the hands of the Mexican government's Ministry of the Interior (''Gobernación''), and the [[Instituto Nacional Electoral|Instituto Federal Electoral]] (IFE) was created in 1990 to ensure free and fair elections and build public confidence in the process.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Ugues/publication/233154526_Citizens'_Views_on_Electoral_Governance_in_Mexico/links/564c9a5908ae4ae893ba7f0e.pdf Uges, Antonio, "Citizens' Views on Electoral Governance in Mexico accessed 6 March 2020]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

<gallery> 
File:Logo_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario.svg|Logo of the National Revolutionary Party, 1929–1938
File:Logo Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana.svg|Logo of the Mexican Revolution Party, 1938–1946
File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|Logo of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]], 1946–
File:PAN logo (Mexico).svg|Logo of the [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]] – the first opposition party to the PRI, 1939–
File:PRD logo (Mexico).svg|Logo of the leftist [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]], 1989–2024
</gallery>