Editing Politics of Kyrgyzstan (section)

==Political history==
In the first years of [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s full independence, President [[Askar Akayev]] appeared wholeheartedly committed to the reform process. However, despite the backing of major Western donors, including the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), Kyrgyzstan had consequential economic difficulties from the outset. These came mainly as a result of the breakup of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] trade bloc, which impeded the Republic's smooth transfer to a [[Free market|free-market]] economy.

In 1993, allegations of corruption against Akayev's closest political associates blossomed into a major scandal. One of those accused of improprieties was Vice President [[Feliks Kulov]], who resigned for ethical reasons in December. Following Kulov's resignation, Akayev dismissed the government and called upon the last communist premier, [[Apas Djumagulov]], to form a new one. In January 1994, Akayev initiated a referendum asking for a renewed mandate to complete his term of office. He received 96.2% of the vote.

A new [[Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|Constitution]] was passed by the Parliament in May 1993. In 1994, however, the Parliament failed to produce a [[quorum]] for its last scheduled session prior to the expiration of its term (February 1995). President Akayev was widely accused of having manipulated a boycott by a majority of the parliamentarians. Akayev, in turn, asserted that the communists had caused a political crisis by preventing the legislature from fulfilling its role. Akayev scheduled an October 1994 referendum, overwhelmingly approved by voters, that proposed two amendments to the Constitution, one that would allow the Constitution to be amended by means of a referendum, and the other creating a new bicameral parliament called the ''[[Jogorku Keņesh]]''.

Elections for the two legislative chambers – a 35-seat full-time assembly and a 70-seat part-time assembly – were held in February 1995 after campaigns considered remarkably free and open by most international observers, although the election-day proceedings were marred by widespread irregularities. Independent candidates won most of the seats, suggesting that personalities prevailed over ideologies. The new Parliament convened its initial session in March 1995. One of its first orders of business was the approval of the precise constitutional language on the role of the legislature.

Kyrgyzstan's independent political parties competed in the 1996 parliamentary elections. A February 1996 referendum – in violation of the Constitution and the law on referendums – amended the Constitution to give President Akayev more power. It also removed the clause that parliamentarians be directly elected by universal suffrage. Although the changes gave the President the power to dissolve Parliament, it also more clearly defined Parliament's powers. Since that time, Parliament has demonstrated real independence from the executive branch.

An October 1998 referendum approved constitutional changes, including increasing the number of deputies in the upper house, reducing the number of deputies in the lower house, rolling back Parliamentary immunity, reforming land tender rules, and reforming the state budget.

Two rounds of Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2000 and 12 March 2000. With the full backing of the United States, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE) reported that the elections failed to comply with commitments to free and fair elections and hence were invalid. Questionable judicial proceedings against opposition candidates and parties limited the choice of candidates available to Kyrgyz voters, while state-controlled media reported favorably on official candidates only and government officials put pressure on independent media outlets that favored the opposition.

In 2002 [[Azimbek Beknazarov]], a leading opposition figure, was imprisoned by the local authorities, in what many believe to be politically motivated circumstances. This led to protests resulting in clashes with police forces, culminating in the death of five people in [[Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan|Jalal-Abad]].

As May approached the authorities further extended their hold on power, imprisoning the vocal former presidential ally, [[Feliks Kulov]], to ten years for alleged "abuses of office". During the same month the entire government resigned, accepting blame for the loss of life during the protests earlier in the year. A new government led by [[Nikolay Tanayev]] was then formed.

In November the President faced yet more protests, as the opposition announced it would march on the capital and demand his resignation. The police reacted by arresting large amounts of demonstrators, further adding to international disapproval at the authoritarian nature of Akayev's government.

[[Image:E8160-Tamchy--police-station.jpg|thumb|Government office building in the village of [[Tamchy]], [[Issyk-Kul Region]]]]
By June 2003, the lower house of Parliament announced that President Akayev and two other leaders{{who|date=June 2016}} of Kyrgyzstan, from the Soviet era, would be given lifetime immunity from prosecution, raising the prospect of Akayev finally stepping down.

In 2005, following disputed results of the [[Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005|2005 parliamentary elections]], Kyrgyzstan was thrown into a state of political turmoil, with different parties claiming that they were the legitimate government. On 10 July 2005 interim President and opposition [[People's Movement of Kyrgyzstan|People's Movement]] leader [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] won the [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005|presidential election]] in a [[landslide victory]]. (See: [[Tulip Revolution]]).

In 2006, Bakiyev faced a political crisis as thousands of people demonstrated in a series of protests in [[Bishkek]]. They accused him of reneging on promised constitutional reforms limiting presidential power and giving more authority to the parliament and cabinet. They also accused him of failing to eradicate corruption, crime, and poverty.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/69EB374D-9459-4936-9311-23B1EF638C26.htm aljazeera.net]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bakiyev in turn accused the opposition of plotting a coup against him. Several parliamentarians had been killed during the political unrest.<ref>[https://archive.today/20071023092229/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ECF18B83-A403-48E8-9253-168D6DC52487.htm aljazeera.net]</ref>

[[Kyrgyzstani presidential election, 2009|Presidential elections]], originally expected in 2010, were rescheduled for 23 July 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Opposition_To_Name_Single_Presidential_Candidate_In_MidApril/1603675.html|title=Kyrgyz Opposition to Name Presidential Candidate|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193021/http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Opposition_To_Name_Single_Presidential_Candidate_In_MidApril/1603675.html|url-status=live}}</ref> President Bakiyev was widely expected to retain his mandate, while the opposition [[United People's Movement (Kyrgyzstan)|United People's Movement]] (OND) announced on 20 April 2009 that it would field a single candidate – [[Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan|Social Democratic Party]] leader [[Almaz Atambayev]].<ref>Bruce Pannier [http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Opposition_Unveils_Presidential_Hopeful/1612338.html "Kyrgyz opposition unites unveils presidential hopeful"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603190915/http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz_Opposition_Unveils_Presidential_Hopeful/1612338.html |date=3 June 2016 }}, RFE/RL, 20 April 2009.</ref> The election turnout was reported at 79.3%.<ref name="rferl-withdrawals">{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Withdrawals_Protests_Mar_Kyrgyz_Election/1783700.html |title=Withdrawals, Protests Mar Kyrgyz Election |publisher=Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055823/http://www.rferl.org/content/Withdrawals_Protests_Mar_Kyrgyz_Election/1783700.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 00:45 local time in Kyrgyzstan on 25 July 2009 (with 2058 of 2330 polling districts reporting), Bakiyev had won the election with 83.8% of the vote.<ref name="akipress">{{cite web |url=http://kg.akipress.org/news:105591/ |title=Выборы президента Кыргызстана |publisher=АКИpress |date=25 July 2009 |access-date=25 July 2009 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110084405/https://kg.akipress.org/news:105591/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In assessing the election, the OSCE stated that Bakiyev had gained an "unfair advantage" and that media bias "did not allow voters to make an informed choice." Additionally, they found that the election was "marred by many problems and irregularities", citing [[ballot stuffing]] and problems with the counting of votes.<ref name=OSCE>[http://www.osce.org/item/39014.html Kyrgyz presidential election failed to meet key OSCE commitments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111051215/http://www.osce.org/item/39014.html |date=11 January 2021 }}, OSCE press release (24 July 2009)</ref> On polling day Atambayev withdrew his candidacy claiming widespread fraud, stating "due to massive, unprecedented violations, we consider these elections illegitimate and a new election should be held."<ref name=BBC>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8164277.stm Kyrgyz candidate in poll pullout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126063805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8164277.stm |date=26 January 2021 }}, [[BBC News]] (23 July 2009)</ref> An opposition rally of 1,000 people in Balykchy on election day was broken up by riot police.<ref name="BBC"/>

The arrest of an opposition figure on 6 April 2010 in the town of Talas led opposition supporters to protest.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8607324.stm | work=BBC News | title=Clashes escalate in Kyrgyz crisis | date=7 April 2010 | access-date=7 April 2010 | archive-date=16 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816011819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8607324.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The protestors took control of a governmental building, demanding a new government. Riot police were sent from Bishkek, and managed to temporarily regain control of the building. Later the same day several more opposition figures were arrested, while the government claimed to have regained control of the situation. The following day, however, hundreds of opposition supporters gathered in Bishkek and marched on the government headquarters. Security personnel attempted to disperse the protestors with the use of stun grenades and live rounds, at the cost of dozens of lives. The protests continued, however, resulting in the flight of President Bakiyev to his southern stronghold of Jalal-Abad, and the freeing later the same day of the arrested opposition figures. A new government was formed under opposition leader [[Roza Otunbayeva]], while Bakiyev remained for several days in southern Kyrgyzstan, before fleeing to [[Belarus]], where he was given asylum by [[Alexander Lukashenko|President Lukashenko]]. The new interim government held consultations on a new constitution, intended to increase the powers of the parliament and reduce those of the president. A referendum was held on the resulting document on 27 June 2010, and was approved by over 90% of voters, with a turnout of 72%.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=kyrgyz-voters-overwhelmingly-back-new-constitution-2010-07-02 | work=Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review| title=Kyrgyzstan voters overwhelmingly back new constitution | date=2 July 2010}}</ref> Elections were subsequently held on 10 October 2010. These elections resulted in five parties reaching the 5% threshold necessary to enter parliament.

Presidential elections were held in 2011, resulting in the victory of [[Almazbek Atambayev]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15510217|title=PM Atambayev wins Kyrgyzstan presidential election|work=BBC News|date=31 October 2011|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000835/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15510217|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he endorsed Prime minister [[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]] for president, who won that year's presidential contest. After Atambayev retired from presidency, he began criticizing Jeenbekov and their relations worsened over time. Soon Atambayev was accused of corruption by the Jeenbekov administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://information.tv5monde.com/info/les-forces-speciales-kirghizes-attaquent-la-residence-de-l-ex-president-atambaiev-315096 |title=Les forces spéciales kirghizes attaquent la résidence de l'ex-président Atambaïev |website=information.tv5monde.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807214234/https://information.tv5monde.com/info/les-forces-speciales-kirghizes-attaquent-la-residence-de-l-ex-president-atambaiev-315096 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Clashes grew between security forces and Atambayev supporters, exacerbating political turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/amp/kyrgyz-deputy-interior-minister-visits-atambaev-s-compound-after-he-ignores-subpoenas/30069611.html|title=Kyrgyz Deputy Interior Minister Visits Atambaev's Compound After He Ignores Subpoenas|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722204532/https://www.rferl.org/amp/kyrgyz-deputy-interior-minister-visits-atambaev-s-compound-after-he-ignores-subpoenas/30069611.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Political insurgency in Kyrgyzstan amplified following controversy about the conduct of [[October 2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election]], where only four parties met the 7% threshold to achieve parliamentary representation, three of whom were closely aligned with the government. Opposition supporters claimed that these elections were tainted by vote buying and many other forms of irregularities.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54422884|title = Kyrgyzstan election: Protesters storm parliament over vote-rigging claims|work = BBC News|date = 6 October 2020|access-date = 15 October 2020|archive-date = 12 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201012144323/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54422884|url-status = live}}</ref> The protests resulted in en masse resignation of government officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thedailystar.net/asia/news/kyrgyzstan-president-resigns-after-unrest-1978525?amp|title = Kyrgyzstan president resigns after unrest|date = 15 October 2020|access-date = 15 October 2020|archive-date = 7 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210107200752/https://www.thedailystar.net/asia/news/kyrgyzstan-president-resigns-after-unrest-1978525?amp|url-status = live}}</ref> In October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned after protests caused by irregularities in parliamentary elections on 4 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54553173|title = Kyrgyzstan election: President Jeenbekov resigns after protests|work = BBC News|date = 15 October 2020|access-date = 3 May 2021|archive-date = 3 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210503234935/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54553173|url-status = live}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Sadyr Japarov]] was elected as the new president after winning the [[2021 Kyrgyz presidential election|presidential election]] by landslide.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55613552|title = Kyrgyzstan election: Sadyr Japarov wins presidency with landslide|work = BBC News|date = 11 January 2021|access-date = 3 May 2021|archive-date = 6 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506011209/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55613552|url-status = live}}</ref>

In April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the [[2021 Kyrgyz constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] a new constitution that would give new powers to the president, strengthening significantly the presidency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyrgyzstan voters back presidential rule in referendum|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/11/kyrgyzstan-voters-back-presidential-rule-in-referendum|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411173950/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/11/kyrgyzstan-voters-back-presidential-rule-in-referendum|url-status=live}}</ref>