Editing Politics of Jersey (section)

==History==

=== Prior to English rule ===

When [[Augustus|Augustus Caesar]] divided [[Gaul]] into four provinces, Jersey was part of the [[Gallia Lugdunensis|province headquartered at Lyons]].<ref name="BHJ24">{{cite book |last=Syvret |first=Marguerite |title=Balleine's History of Jersey |date=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1860776502}}</ref>

In around 933, Duke William I (William Longsword), seized Jersey, which until then had been politically linked to Brittany, and it is likely that the pre-Norman form of government and way of life was replaced at this point.<ref name=":36">{{Cite book |last=Lempière |first=Raoul |title=Customs, Ceremonies and Traditions of the Channel Islands |publisher=Robert Hale |year=1976 |isbn=0-7091-5731-2 |location=Great Britain}}</ref>{{Rp|22}} The island adopted the Norman law system, still the basis of [[Law of Jersey|Jersey law]] today.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:19</sup>

A key part of the early administrative structure of Jersey was the [[fief]]. Alongside the parish, the fief provided a basic framework for rural life; the system began with the Norman system and largely remained similar to it. In Jersey, the dues, services and rents owed by tenants were extensive and often onerous. Jersey peasants retained a degree of freedom lost elsewhere, probably due to the insignificance of the island in the Duchy. More is known of the origins of the fief than of the parishes and early documents show that Jersey was thoroughly feudalised (the majority of the residents were tenants holding land from Seigneurs). The fief of St Ouen, the most senior fief in Jersey's feudal structure, was by 1135 in the hands of the [[de Carteret family]]. They held extensive lands in Carteret as well, but these were lost by them after King John's loss of Normandy, so they decided to settle on the island. Between the 12th and 20th centuries, there were an estimated 245 fiefs in Jersey, though not all simultaneously.<ref name=":222">{{Cite thesis |title=The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey |url=https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |publisher=typescript |date=1991 |place=S.l. |first=John D. |last=Kelleher |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328050841/https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|13–14}}

In 1066, the Duke [[William the Conqueror]] defeated [[Harold Godwinson]] at [[Battle of Hastings|Hastings]] to become the [[List of English monarchs|King of England]]; however, he continued to rule his French possessions, including Jersey, as a separate entity, as [[fealty]] was owed to the [[King of France]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1999-05-18 |title=A Short Constitutional History of Jersey |url=http://www.voisinlaw.com/default.asp?contentID=368 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206062513/http://www.voisinlaw.com/default.asp?contentID=368 |archive-date=2010-12-06 |access-date=2009-06-25 |publisher=Voisin & Co}}</ref> This initial association of Jersey with England did not last long, as William split his possessions between his sons: [[Robert Curthose]] became Duke of Normandy and [[William II of England|William Rufus]] gained the English Crown. William Rufus' son [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] recaptured Normandy for England in 1106.<ref name=":36"/>{{Rp|23}} The island was then part of the English King's realm (though still part of Normandy and France). Around 1142, it is recorded that Jersey was under the control of the [[Counts and dukes of Anjou|Count of Anjou]], who administered Normandy for the Duke.<ref name="RL2">{{cite book |last=Lempriére |first=Raoul |title=History of the Channel Islands |publisher=Robert Hale Ltd |isbn=978-0709142522}}</ref>{{Rp|page=23}}

According to the Rolls of the Norman Exchequer, in 1180 Jersey was divided for administrative purposes into three ministeria:<ref>{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Thomas |title=Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ |date=1840}}</ref> {{Lang|fr|de Gorroic}}, {{Lang|fr|de Groceio}} and {{Lang|fr|de Crapoudoit}} (possibly containing four parishes each). Gorroic is an old spelling for Gorey, containing St Martin, St Saviour, Grouville and St Clement; Groceio could derive from de Gruchy, and contains St John, Trinity, St Lawrence and St Helier; and Crapoudoit, likely referring to the stream of St Peter's Valley, contains the remainder of the parishes in the West.<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{rp|23}} By Norman times, the parish boundaries were firmly fixed and remain largely unchanged since. It was likely set in place due to the tithe system under Charlemagne, where each property must contribute to the church, so each property would have had to be established within a parish.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:15</sup>

=== Establishment of self-government ===

It is said, in tradition, that the island's autonomy derives from the ''Constitutions of King John'', however this is disputed. Until King [[James II of England|James II]], successive English monarchs have then granted to Jersey by charter its certain privileges, likely to ensure the island's continued loyalty, accounting for its advantageous position at the boundary of the European continent.<ref name=":36"/>{{Rp|25}} As John (and later [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]) maintained his claim to the title as the rightful Duke of Normandy until 1259, the island's courts were originally established as Norman, not English territory (to use English law would de-legitimise the English Crown's claim to the ducal title), so are based upon traditional Norman laws and customs, such as the ''Coutumier de Normandie''.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |last=Platt |first=Colin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/705959744 |title=A concise history of Jersey : a new perspective |date=2009 |publisher=Societe Jersiaise |isbn=978-0-901897-46-6 |oclc=705959744}}</ref> Legislative power was vested in 12 jurats, the twelve "senior men" of the island. Along with the Bailiff, they would form the Royal Court, which determined all civil and criminal causes (except treason).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=History of the States Assembly |url=https://statesassembly.gov.je/about/history/Pages/StatesAssemblyHistory.aspx |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=statesassembly.gov.je |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122041934/https://statesassembly.gov.je/about/history/Pages/StatesAssemblyHistory.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most lords forfeited their insular land in favour of their French territory, but some remained, notably the de Carteret family of St Ouen.<ref name=":74"/> The old aristocracy gave way to a new one, with landowners drawn from royal officials, who soon came to think of themselves as islanders rather than Englishmen. This saw the firm establishment of the feudal system in Jersey, with fiefs headed by Seigneurs.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:30</sup> In the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)]], the King of France gave up claim to the Channel Islands. The claim was based upon his position as feudal overlord of the Duke of Normandy. The King of England gave up claim to mainland Normandy and therefore the Channel Islands were split from the rest of Normandy. The Channel Islands were never absorbed into the Kingdom of England and the island has had self-government since.<ref name=":36"/> In medieval times, the island was treated as a possession of the King by the English government, rather than part of the English state.<ref name=":222"/>

The administration of the island was handled by an insular government. The King appointed a Warden (later "Capitain" or "Governor", now the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jersey|Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey]]), a position largely occupied with the defence of the island. From 1415 until the second half of the 15th century, the islands were governed by a Lord (or Lady).<ref name=":36"/>{{Rp|25}}

The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system, of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy. The law was conducted through 12 jurats, constables ({{Lang|fr|Connétable}}) and a bailiff ({{Lang|fr|Baillé}}). These titles have different meanings and duties to those in England.<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{rp|27–8}} Any oppression by a bailiff or a warden was to be resolved locally or failing that, by appeal to the King who appointed commissioners to report on disputes.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} In the late 1270s, Jersey was given its own Bailiff and from the 1290s, the duties of Bailiff and Warden were separated. The (Sub-)Warden became responsible for taxation and defence, while the Bailiff became responsible for justice. While probably originally a temporary arrangement by Otto de Grandison, this became permanent and the foundation for Jersey's modern separation of Crown and justice. It also lessened the Warden's authority relative to the Bailiff, who had much more interaction with the community.<ref name=":74"/>

The role of the jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the [[Justice in eyre|Justices in Eyre]]. It is unknown for how long the position of the jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to [[time immemorial]]. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:28</sup>

In 1341, in recognition of islanders' efforts during the war, [[King Edward III]] declared that Jerseymen should 'hold and retain all privileges, liberties, immunities and customs granted by our forebares'. This began the tradition of successive monarchs devolving powers over the island to Islanders, giving them certain privileges and protecting the separation between the Channel Islands and the rest of their royal realm.<ref name=":74"/>

In 1462, the occupying French Governor de Brézé issued ordinances outlining the role of the Bailiff and the Jurats.<ref name="RL2"/>{{Rp|page=38}} It may well be during this occupation that the island saw the establishment of the States. Comte Maulevrier, who had led the invasion of the island, ordered the holding of an Assize in the island. Maulevrier confirmed the place of existing institutions, however created the requirement for Jurats to be chosen by Bailiffs, Jurats, Rectors and Constables.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisson |first=Mike |title=Constitution - theislandwiki |url=https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Constitution |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=www.theislandwiki.org}}</ref> The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524.<ref>''Balleine's History of Jersey'', Marguerite Syvret and Joan Stevens (1998) {{ISBN|1-86077-065-7}}</ref>

In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:70</sup>

=== Division of powers between Governor and Bailiff ===

[[File:Sir_Philip_Bailhache_Bailiff_of_Jersey.jpg|thumb|209x209px|To this day, the tradition that the Bailiff wears red robes remains]]

Sir [[John Peyton (soldier)|John Peyton]] became the Governor in 1603 after the death of Queen [[Elizabeth I]]. Peyton struggled with the Bailiff over converting the island from the dominant Calvinist religion to Anglicanism.<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{Rp|93–4}} In 1615, [[Jean Hérault]] was appointed [[Bailiff of Jersey|Bailiff]] by the King, having been promised the role by [[letters patent]] in 1611. Peyton disputed this appointment, claiming it was the Governor's jurisdiction to appoint the Bailiff. Hérault asserted it was the King's jurisdiction to directly appoint the Bailiff. An Order in Council (dated 9 August 1615) sided with Hérault, which Hérault took to claim the Bailiff was the real head of government and the Governor was simply a military officer. To back his claims, he also cited that in the Norman administrative tradition, the Bailiffs had "no one above them except the Duke".<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{Rp|96–7}}<ref name=":223">Bailhache, Philip (n.d.). [https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/Pages/JLR9910_cry_for_constitutional_reform.aspx The Cry for Constitutional Reform – A perspective from the Office of Bailiff]. Jersey Law (jerseylaw.je). Retrieved 3 June 2022.</ref>

This dispute led to one of the most major turning points in Jersey's constitutional history, as the division of powers between the Governor and Bailiff were clearly demarcated. Though the Privy Council did not agree with Hérault's extreme position on the precedence of the Bailiff, on 18 February 1617 it declared that the "charge of military forces be wholly in the Governor, and the care of justice and civil affairs in the Bailiff." This secured for both the Bailiff and the States precedence over the Governor on justice and civil affairs, the constitutional precedent which limits the involvement of the Lieutenant-Governor in domestic affairs today.<ref name=":223" />

=== Jersey Revolution: division of the legislature and judiciary ===
{{Main|Corn Riots}}
During the late 17th century, the Governors and Bailiffs were generally absent - the Governor [[Henry Lumley]] never visited the island at all during his time in office and after the death of Sir [[Edouard de Carteret]], no bailiff was appointed for five years. The eventual successor [[Charles de Carteret]] faced large opposition, especially from his own tenants in [[Saint Ouen, Jersey|St. Ouen]]. A group of jurats complained to the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] that de Carteret was absent and not well accustomed to the law and culture of the island. Charles attempted to oppose this by blocking sittings of the Jurats in court, claiming they could not sit since they were related to the plaintiff or defendant (which they most often were since everyone in Jersey was somehow related to one another).<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{Rp|164–5}} By 1750, the Bailiffship had de facto become a hereditary position in the de Carteret family. Absences of the de Carterets and all other high-ranking posts left [[Charles Lempière]], the Lieutenant Bailiff, in effective full control over the island. Lempière was a Parliamentarian, but by temperament was autocratic. His family had significant power with a number of high-ranking roles in the island and he issued ordinances and quashed protest through his court.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:195</sup> Democratic representation was not present in the island's political system, with only wealthier men able to vote for [[Connétables]], with those men filling the roles with their relatives.<ref name=":5">{{Cite report |url=https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_Revolution_of_1769 |title=Revolution of 1769: Appendix to the report to the States, reproduced by the Island Wiki |last=Dun |first=Michael |date=2012 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923140057/https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_Revolution_of_1769 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 A revolt, known as the Corn Riots or the Jersey Revolution, occurred in 1769. They were centred around the balance of power between the island's parliament, [[States Assembly|the States]], and the [[Royal Court (Jersey)|Royal Court]], both of which had powers to create legislation. An anti-Seigneurial sentiment - opposition to the feudal economic system - also contributed to the popular revolt. The spark for the riots was a corn shortage, in part caused by corruption in the ruling classes, led by the Lieutenant Bailiff Charles Lemprière, whose style of rule was authoritarian.<ref name=":522">{{Cite report |url=https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_Revolution_of_1769 |title=Revolution of 1769: Appendix to the report to the States, reproduced by the Island Wiki |last=Dun |first=Michael |date=2012 |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923140057/https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_Revolution_of_1769 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 September 1769, men from the northern parishes marched into town and rioted, including breaking into the Royal Court in a threatening manner. The States retreated to Elizabeth Castle and called on the Privy Council for help under false pretences. The Council sent five companies of Royal Scots, who discovered the islanders' grievances.<ref name="BHJ24"/>

The protestors demands include reductions in price of wheat and the abolition of certain, or all, Seigneurial privileges. In reaction, the Crown issued the Code of 1771, which attempted to separate the island's judiciary and legislature.<ref name=":222"/>{{rp|19}} After the petitions of Le Geyt, the English authorities instructed that peace and reform should be brought to the island. Bentinck became Lieutenant Governor and introduced important reforms. The Royal Court was no longer a lawmaking body and all legislative power was vested in the States. With the fixing in 1771 of the ''Code des Lois'' it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly, and the lawmaking powers of the Royal Court were removed (''see quote below'').<ref name="jerseylaw13">{{cite web |date=2012-03-08 |title=Code of 1771 |url=https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/15.120.aspx |website=[[Jersey Legal Information Board]] |access-date=2012-10-01 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418132150/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/Pages/15.120.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":223" /> The ''Code'' of 1771 laid down for the first time in one place the extant laws of Jersey.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:199</sup>

{{Blockquote|text="no Laws or Ordinances whatsoever, which may be made provisionally or in view of being afterwards asserted to by His Majesty in Council, shall be passed but by the whole Assembly of the States of [Jersey]"}}

=== Party politics: Magots and Charlots ===

The late 18th century was the first time political parties in some form came into existence on the island. Jean Dumaresq was an early [[Liberalism|Liberal]] who called for democratic reforms (that the States should be democratically elected Deputies and should have vested in them executive power). His supporters were known as {{Lang|fr|Magots}} ("maggots", initially an insult from his opponents, which the {{Lang|fr|Magots}} reclaimed as their own term) and his opponents as the ''{{Lang|fr|Charlots}}'' (supporters of the Lieutenant Baliff Charles Lempière). Dumaresq is quoted as saying "we shall make these Seigneurs bite the dust". In 1776, he was elected as Connétable for St Peter.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:200</sup>

The post-[[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic War]] period was a divisive period politically for the island. In 1821, there was an election for Jurat. The [[Saint Lawrence, Jersey|St Laurentine]] Laurelites (conservatives, the eventual name for the ''{{Lang|fr|Charlots}}'') attacked the Inn in their village where Rose men (the progressive descendants of the ''{{Lang|fr|Magots}}'') were holding a meeting. They damaged the building and injured both the innkeeper and his wife. On election day in St Martin, the a number of Rose voters were attacked, after which most Rose men refrained from voting. Although the Rose candidate won overall, he faced a number of lawsuits over claims of voter fraud, so in the end the Laurel candidate George Bertram took office.<ref name="BHJ24"/><sup>:232</sup>

=== Anglicisation ===

During the 19th century, the administration system, despite reform, still resembled a feudal system of governance. At the start of the century, Jersey had achieved a high degree of self-government through delegation of Crown powers to the States, though the Bailiff, Governor and Jurats were all still Crown appointees. During the century, Jersey's power structure shifted more and more from the Crown to the States, establishing Jersey as a near-independent state, however ultimate authority over the island shifted from the Crown to the British Parliament, aligning with the shift in the UK's politics towards a purely ceremonial monarchy. The Privy Council put pressure of the island to reform its institutions, in the belief these reforms should align the country with a more English model of government and law. In 1883, [[John Stuart Blackie]] recounted an Englishman's comment that only one thing was needed to make Jersey perfect, and that was "a full participation in the benefits of English law". However, the Lieutenant Governor at the time stated that the absence of English law was what had brought Jerseymen such prosperity.<ref name=":222"/>{{Rp|305}}

Many locals blamed this push for reform on the island's new immigrants, who were unaccustomed to the island's distinct political and legal systems (although a major part of the mainstream reformer movement was in fact made of Jerseymen). Many English who had moved to the island discovered an alien environment, with unfamiliar laws (in a foreign language they could not understand) and no recourse to access the local power to counter them. The reformers of English heritage mostly came from the middle classes, and sought to further their own rights, not necessarily those of the working class. These Englishmen formed a pressure group known as the Civil Assembly of St Helier. This group was effectively split into two, one organised around [[Abraham Le Cras]]' hard-code English reformism and the other, a larger looser corpus of English reformists. The former was never representative of a significant proportion of the English community. One thing both shared however was a belief that the English systems were far superior to the historic Norman-based structures.<ref name=":222"/>{{Rp|305}}

[[Abraham Le Cras]] was an outspoken new resident - though with Jersey heritage - opposed to Jersey's self-government. He not only thought Jersey should be integrated into England fully, but disputed the right of the States to even make its own laws. He is noted as saying, 'the States have no more power to make laws for Jersey than I have'. In 1840, he won a court case challenging the States' ability to naturalise people as citizens. The Privy Council determined that the long-standing precedent of the States doing so had been invalidated since Jersey had been ruled under [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] since 1771. In 1846, he persuaded the MP for [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] to push for a Parliamentary Committee to enquire into the [[law of Jersey]], however HM Government instead promised a Royal Commission. The Commission advised the abolition of the Royal Court run by the Jurats and the replacement of it with three Crown-appointed judges and the introduction of a paid police force. Le Cras left the island to live in England in 1850.<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{Rp|247}}<ref name=":222"/>{{Rp|305}}

In 1852, the island experienced somewhat of a constitutional crisis when the Privy Council issued three Orders in Council: establishing a police court, a petty debts court and a paid police force for St Helier. This sparked controversy locally, with claims that the move threatened Jersey's independence. Both parties united against the move and around 7000 islanders signing a petition. By 1854, the council had agreed to revoke the Orders, on the condition that the States passed most of the council's requirements. In 1856, further constitutional reform brought deputies into the States for the first time, with one deputy from each country parish and three from town.<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{Rp|251}}<ref name=":222"/>{{Rp|305}}

The threats to Jersey's autonomy continued. In the 1860s, there was raised a threat of an intervention in the island's government by the British Parliament itself, in order to impose change on the island's structures.

=== Reforms of 1948 ===

After the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands|Occupation]], many islanders called for the reform and modernisation of the States: a poll by the JEP showed that only 88 of the 1,784 surveyed thought Rectors should stay in the States, and a vast majority wanted the legislature and judiciary separated. The [[Jersey Democratic Movement]] campaigned for either the incorporation of the island as a county of England or at least the abolition of the States. The other political party to emerge during this period was the Progressive Party, consisting of some present{{clarify|date=February 2024}} States members, who opposed the JDM. In the 1945 Deputies' election, the Progressives won a landslide victory, giving a mandate for change.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Mary |title=Poor People |year=2001}}</ref> The franchise was extended to all British adults; previously voting rights in Jersey had only been accorded to men, and women over 30, according to property ownership. The largest reform was the 1948 States reform. Jurats were no longer States members, and were to be elected by an Electoral College. The reform also introduced a retirement age of 70 for Jurats. In all cases, the Bailiff would be the judge of the law, and the Jurats the "judge of fact". The Jurats' role in the States was taken on by 12 senators, four of whom would retire every three years. The Church also lost most of its representation in the States, with the role of Rector being abolished and the number of Deputies increased to 28.<ref name="BHJ24"/>{{Rp|278–9}} The first senatorial election was brief. Each Senator was elected for either nine, six or three years depending on where they came in the polling list. [[Philip Le Feuvre]] topped the poll and was elected for nine years. On 8 December 1945 in the Deputies' election, [[Ivy Forster]] of the Progressive Party became the first woman ever elected to the States. Other notable successful candidates included [[John Le Marquand Jr.]] (whose father had recently been returned as Senator) and [[Cyril Le Marquand]].