Editing Politics of Ecuador (section)

==Political conditions==
Ecuador's [[political party|political parties]] have historically been small, loose organizations that depended more on populist, often charismatic, leaders to retain support than on programs or ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pugh|first=Jeff|date=2008|title=Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270512275|journal=Latin American Essays|volume=21|pages=46–65}}</ref> Frequent internal splits have produced extreme factionalism. However, a pattern has emerged in which administrations from the center-left alternate with those from the center-right. Although Ecuador's political [[elite]] is highly factionalized along regional, ideological, and personal lines, a strong desire for consensus on major issues often leads to compromise. Opposition forces in Congress are loosely organized, but historically they often unite to block the administration's initiatives and to remove cabinet ministers.

Constitutional changes enacted by a specially elected National Constitutional Assembly in 1998 took effect on 10 August 1998. The new constitution strengthens the executive branch by eliminating mid-term congressional elections and by circumscribing Congress' power to challenge cabinet ministers. Party discipline is traditionally weak, and routinely many deputies switch allegiance during each Congress. However, after the new Constitution took effect, the Congress passed a Code of Ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/16/world/americas/16ecuador.html|title=Ecuador Appears Likely to Rewrite Constitution|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=2007-04-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-26|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Beginning with the 1996 election, the more indigenous, less Spanish-rooted, ethnic groups abandoned their traditional policy of shunning the official political system and participated actively. The indigenous population has established itself as a significant force in Ecuadorian politics, as shown by the selection of indigenous representative [[Nina Pacari]], who led the indigenous political party, Pachakutik, as Second Vice-President of the 1998 Congress.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/cambio_de_mando_en_ecuador/newsid_2616000/2616341.stm|title=Pacari, primera indigena ministra en Ecuador|date=2002-12-31|work=BBC World|access-date=2019-04-26|language=en-GB}}</ref>