Editing Police brutality (section)

== History ==
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[[File:Police brutality in Egypt (4602240333).jpg|thumb|Nine police officers subduing a member of the public in Egypt]]
The first modern police force is widely regarded to be the Metropolitan Police Service in London, established in 1829.<ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction: Policing and State Power |date=2018-08-24 |work=Violence Work |pages=1–23 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/2473/chapter/1188518/IntroductionPolicing-and-State-Power |access-date=2024-07-29 |publisher=Duke University Press |language=en |doi=10.1215/9781478002024-001 |isbn=978-1-4780-0202-4}}</ref> However, some scholars argue that early forms of policing began in the Americas as early as the 1500s on plantation colonies in the Caribbean.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Brucato |first=Ben |date=2020 |title=Policing Race and Racing Police: The Origin of US Police in Slave Patrols |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2564585706 |journal=Social Justice |volume=47 |issue=3/4 |pages=115–136 |id={{ProQuest|2564585706}} }}</ref> These slave patrols quickly spread across other regions and contributed to the development of the earliest examples of modern police forces.<ref name=":0" /> Early records suggest that labor strikes were the first large-scale incidents of [[police brutality in the United States]], including events like the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]], the [[Pullman Strike]] of 1894, the [[1912 Lawrence textile strike]], the [[Ludlow massacre]] of 1914, the [[Steel strike of 1919|Great Steel Strike of 1919]], and the [[Hanapepe massacre]] of 1924.

The term "police brutality" was first used in Britain in the mid-19th century, by ''[[The Puppet-Show]]'' magazine (a short-lived rival to ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'') in September 1848, when they wrote:

{{blockquote|quote=Scarcely a week passes without their committing some offence which disgusts everybody but the magistrates. Boys are bruised by their ferocity, women insulted by their ruffianism; and that which brutality has done, perjury denies, and magisterial stupidity suffers to go unpunished. [...] And '''police brutality''' is becoming one of our most "venerated institutions!"<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 September 1848 |title=More Police Brutality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA14 |magazine=The Puppet-Show |volume=2 |issue=27 |page=14 |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209133534/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA14 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The first use of the term in the American press was in 1872 when the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 1872 |title=Police Brutality: A Prisoner was shamefully beaten by Officers, he was Kicked and Pounded in a Cell – Probably Fatally Injured |work=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref> reported the beating of a civilian who was under arrest at the Harrison Street Police Station.

In the United States, it is common for marginalized groups to perceive the police as [[oppression|oppressors]], rather than protectors or enforcers of the law, due to the statistically disproportionate number of minority incarcerations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Powers |first=Mary D. |editor=Winters, Paul A. |title=Policing the Police |year=1995 |publisher=Greenhaven Press |location=San Diego |isbn=978-1-56510-262-0 |pages=56–60 |chapter=Civilian Oversight Is Necessary to Prevent Police Brutality}}</ref>

Hubert G. Locke wrote:

{{blockquote|quote=When used in print or as the battle cry in a black power rally, police brutality can by implication cover several practices, from calling a citizen by his or her first name to death by a policeman's bullet. What the average citizen thinks of when he hears the term, however, is something midway between these two occurrences, something more akin to what the police profession knows as "alley court"—the wanton vicious beating of a person in custody, usually while handcuffed, and usually taking place somewhere between the scene of the arrest and the station house.<ref>{{cite journal |volume=44 |publisher=J. Urb. L. |page=625 |date=1966–1967 |title=Police Brutality and Civilian Review Boards: A Second Look |author=Locke, Hubert G. |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals%2Fudetmr44&section=45 |journal=Hein Journals |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711161410/http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals%2Fudetmr44&section=45 |url-status=live}}</ref>|source=''Police Brutality and Civilian Review Boards: A Second Look'' (1966–1967)}}

Sometimes riots, e.g. the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], are a reaction to police brutality.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-09/a-history-of-protests-against-police-brutality |title=A History of Protest of U.S. Police Brutality |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=9 June 2020|via=bloomberg.com|access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511105326/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-09/a-history-of-protests-against-police-brutality |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/riots-revenge-against-police |title=English riots were 'a sort of revenge' against the police |date=5 December 2011 |website=The Guardian |access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172354/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/riots-revenge-against-police |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/athens-protest-against-police-brutality-turns-violent/ |title=Athens protest against police brutality turns violent |date=9 March 2021|access-date=10 January 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172334/https://www.politico.eu/article/athens-protest-against-police-brutality-turns-violent/ |url-status=live}}</ref>