Editing Plovdiv (section)

==Etymology==
[[File:Teritoriul onomastic al elementului dava - Sorin Olteanu.jpg|thumb|left|Ancient settlements with names related to "deva". Pulpudeva denotes Plovdiv in which the latter name is rooted.]]
[[File:Thraciae-veteris-typvs.jpg|thumb|left|Map describing the city as "Philippopolis, que et Poneropolis, Duloupolis, Eumolpiada, item Trimontium, at que Pulpudena"]]
Plovdiv has been given various names throughout its long history. The [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian]] capital ''Odryssa'' ({{langx|grc|ΟΔΡΥΣΣΑ}}, {{langx|la|ODRYSSA}}) is suggested to have been modern Plovdiv by numismatic research<ref name=arc/><ref>[http://sofiaculture.com/obekti/index.php?idxP=4&pT=2&wT=37 Odrison] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213507/http://sofiaculture.com/obekti/index.php?idxP=4&pT=2&wT=37 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> or [[Odrin]].<ref name="academia"/>
The Greek historian [[Theopompus]]<ref name=theopompi>{{cite web |url=http://heml.mta.ca/lace/sidebysideview2/8316488 |title=Index |access-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630065827/http://heml.mta.ca/lace/sidebysideview2/8316488 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> mentioned it in the 4th century BCE as a town named ''Poneropolis'' ({{langx|grc|ΠΟΝΗΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ}} "town of villains") in pejorative relation to the conquest by king [[Philip II of Macedon]] who is said to have settled the town with 2,000 men who were false-accusers, sycophants, lawyers, and other possible disreputables.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D6 |title=Strabo, Geography, Book 7, chapter 6 |access-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226101717/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D6 |archive-date=26 February 2015  }} 32 quote</ref> According to [[Plutarch]], the town was named by this king after he had populated it with a crew of rogues and vagabonds,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0292%3Asection%3D10 |title=Plutarch, de curiositate, section 10 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216050213/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0292%3Asection%3D10 |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}</ref> but this is possibly a folk name that did not actually exist.<ref name="academia"/> The names ''Dulon polis''  ({{langx|grc|ΔΟΥΛΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΣ}} "slaves' town") and possibly ''Moichopolis'' ({{langx|grc|ΜΟΙΧΟΠΟΛΙΣ}} "adulterer's town") likely have similar origins.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The city has been called ''Philippopolis'' (ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΠΟΛΙΣ) {{IPA|grc|pʰilipopolis|pron}}; Modern {{langx|el|Φιλιππούπολη|Philippoupoli}} {{IPA|grc|filipupoli|pron}}) or "the city of Philip", from {{langx|grc|ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΣ|Philippos}} "horse-lover", most likely in honor of [[Philip II of Macedon]]<ref name=col>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Plovdiv/plovdiv |title= Plovdiv |encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090405/https://www.questia.com/read/1E1-Plovdiv/plovdiv |archive-date=4 March 2016  }}</ref> after his death or in honor of [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]],<ref name=arc>[http://www.archaeologicalmuseumplovdiv.org/_m1709/The%20Collection Arch museum] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327063340/http://www.archaeologicalmuseumplovdiv.org/_m1709/The%20Collection |date=27 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="pld"/> as this name was first mentioned in the 2nd century BCE by [[Polybius]] in connection with the campaign of Philip V.<ref name=arc/><ref name="pld">[http://www.desant.net/show-news/32250/ Kamen Kolev] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022530/http://www.desant.net/show-news/32250/ |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> ''Philippopolis'' was identified later by [[Plutarch]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] as the former ''Poneropolis''. [[Strabo]] identified Philip II's settlement of most "evil, wicked" (Modern {{langx|el|πονηροτάτους|ponerotatous}} ) as Calybe ([[Kabyle (ancient city)|Kabyle]]),<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7F*.html#ref385 Strabo, ''Geography'' VII.6.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928202148/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7F%2A.html#ref385 |date=28 September 2023 }} (see the [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197:book=7:chapter=6&highlight=*kalu%2Fbh original Greek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215523/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197:book=7:chapter=6&highlight=*kalu/bh |date=2 June 2021 }}).</ref> whereas [[Ptolemy]] considered the location of Poneropolis different from the rest.

''Kendrisia'' ({{langx|grc|ΚΕΝΔΡΕΙϹΕΙΑ}}) was an old name of the city.<ref name="plovdiv1"/> Its earliest recorded use is on an artifact mentioning that king [[Beithys]], priest of the Syrian goddess, brought gifts to Kendriso [[Apollo]];<ref>Ἀπόλλωνι Κενδρισῳ Βειθυς Κοτυος ἱερεὺς Συρίας θεᾶς δῶρον ἀνε-</ref> the deity is recorded to be named multiple times after different cities. Later Roman coins mentioned the name which is possibly derived from Thracian god Kendriso who is equated with Apollo,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID%3D62054 |title=CNG-Ancient Greek, Roman, British Coins |access-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806025816/http://cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=62054 |archive-date=6 August 2016  }}</ref> the [[cedrus|cedar]] forests, or from the Thracian tribe artifacts known as the kendrisi.<ref name="plovdiv1">[http://www.plovdiv.bg/en/about-plovdiv/history/ History (Plovdiv)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074804/http://www.plovdiv.bg/en/about-plovdiv/history/ |date=4 March 2016 }} Official website in English</ref><ref name="pld"/> Another assumed name is the 1st century CE ''Tiberias'' in honor of the Roman emperor [[Tiberius]], under whom the [[Odrysian Kingdom]] was a [[client state|client]] of Rome.<ref name="academia">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/5373164|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141210164035/http://www.academia.edu/5373164/Philippopolis_Thrace_I-VII_c._|title=Philippopolis, Thrace (I-VII c.) - Ivo Topalilov - Academia.edu|date=10 December 2014|archive-date=10 December 2014 |last1=Topalilov |first1=Ivo }}</ref> After the Romans had taken control of the area, the city was named in {{langx|la|TRIMONTIUM}}, meaning "The Three Hills", and mentioned in the 1st century by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]. At times the name was ''[[Ulpia gens|Ulpia]]'', ''[[Flavia gens|Flavia]]'', ''[[Julia gens|Julia]]'' after the Roman families.

[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] wrote in the 4th century CE that the then city had been the old ''Eumolpias''/''Eumolpiada,'' ({{langx|la|EVMOLPIAS, EVMOLPIADA}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8i5EAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA140 |title=De re nummaria antiqua, opera quae extant universa - Hubertus Goltzius - Google Books |access-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911224216/https://books.google.com/books?id=8i5EAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA140 |archive-date=11 September 2016  }}{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZefRkZlhHVYC%26pg%3DPA95 |title=Ammianus Marcellinus - Google ブックス |access-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623205058/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZefRkZlhHVYC&pg=PA95 |archive-date=23 June 2016  }}</ref> the oldest name chronologically.<ref name=academia/> It was named after the mythical Thracian king [[Eumolpos]], son of [[Poseidon]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mikalson|first1=Jon D.|title=Ancient Greek religion|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.|isbn=978-1-4443-5819-3|page=57|edition=2nd|quote=...whose champion was the Thracian Eumolpus, a son of Poseidon.}}</ref> or [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]],<ref>{{cite web|title=A Classical Dictionary|year=1831|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuNyzOxyAkC&pg=PA289|access-date=1 January 2017|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819133812/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuNyzOxyAkC&pg=PA289|url-status=live}}</ref> who may have founded the city around 1200 BCE<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Alicia Morales |editor1-last=Ortiz |editor2-first=Cristóbal Pagán |editor2-last=Cánovas |editor3-first=Carmen Martínez |editor3-last=Campillo |title=The Teaching of Modern Greek in Europe |year=2010 |publisher=EditumM |isbn=978-84-8371-938-1 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktd7tk5pqisC&pg=PA64 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819140158/https://books.google.com/books?id=ktd7tk5pqisC&pg=PA64 |url-status=live }}</ref> or 1350 BCE.<ref>{{cite web|title = Plovdiv Encyclopedia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl4sAQAAIAAJ&q=1350+evmolpias|last1 = Raĭchevski|first1 = Georgi|year = 2002|access-date = 1 January 2017|archive-date = 29 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210529150559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl4sAQAAIAAJ&q=1350+evmolpias|url-status = live}}</ref> It is also possible that it was named after the [[Vestal Virgins]] in the temples – evmolpeya.<ref name="plovdiv1"/>

In the 6th century CE, [[Jordanes]] wrote that the former name of the city was ''Pulpudeva'' ({{langx|la|PVLPVDEVA}}) and that [[Philip the Arab]] named the city after himself. This name is most likely a [[Thracian language|Thracian]] oral translation<ref name="plovdiv1"/> of the other as it kept all consonants of the name Philip + [[Dava (Dacian)|deva (city)]]. Although the two names sound similar, they may not share the same origin as [[Odrin]] and [[Adrianople]] do, and ''Pulpudeva'' may have predated the other names<ref name=uk>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Plovdiv |title=Plovdiv &#124; Bulgaria |access-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228001421/http://www.britannica.com/place/Plovdiv |archive-date=28 February 2016  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dphilippopolis-2 |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, PACHIA AMMOS ("Minoa") Ierapetra district, Crete., PHAISTOS Kainourgiou, Crete., PHILIPPOPOLIS or Eumolpia or Trimontium (Plovdiv） Bulgaria |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107191013/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dphilippopolis-2 |archive-date=7 January 2017 }}</ref> meaning "lake city" in [[Thracian language|Thracian]].<ref name="pld"/> Since the 9th century CE the Slavic name began to appear as ''Papaldiv/n, Plo(v)div, Pladiv, Pladin, Plapdiv, Plovdin,'' which originate from ''Pulpudeva''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUjV1Fd3W8oC&q=plovdiv+thracian++neolithic&pg=PT333|title=Between Two Motherlands: Nationality and Emigration Among the Greeks of Bulgaria, 1900–1949|first=Theodora|last=Dragostinova|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2011|section=underline remark # 47|isbn=978-0-8014-4945-1|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529150559/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUjV1Fd3W8oC&q=plovdiv+thracian++neolithic&pg=PT333|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the name has lost any meaning. In British English the Bulgarian variant Пловдив ''Plòvdiv'' has become prevalent after [[World War I]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The [[Crusaders]] mentioned the city as ''Prineople'', ''Sinople'' and ''Phinepople''.<ref name="pld"/> The Ottomans called the city ''Filibe'', a corruption of "Philip", in a document from 1448.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WEXAQAAIAAJ&q=%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5 |title=Славяните и славянската филология: очерк по история на славистиката и булгаристиката от втората половина на XIX до началото на XXI век |isbn=978-954-423-244-3 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818161248/https://books.google.com/books?hl=bg&id=7WEXAQAAIAAJ&dq=%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |last1=Куцаров |first1=Иван |year=2002 |publisher=Пловдивско унивєрситєтско изд-во }}</ref>