Editing Pinhole camera (section)

==History==
===Camera obscura===
{{further|Camera obscura}}
The camera obscura or pinhole image is a natural optical phenomenon. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese [[Mozi (book)|Mozi]] writings (circa 500 BCE)<ref>{{Cite web|title=CS194-26: proj2|url=https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs194-26/fa17/upload/files/proj2/cs194-26-afq/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=inst.eecs.berkeley.edu}}</ref> and the Aristotelian ''[[Problems (Aristotle)|Problems]]'' (circa 300 BCE – 600 CE).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Camera Obscura: Ancestor of Modern Photography {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/camera-obscura-ancestor-modern-photography|access-date=2022-01-07|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

[[File:Light behaviour through pinhole.svg|thumb|A diagram depicting [[Ibn al-Haytham]]'s observations of light's behaviour through a pinhole]]
[[Ibn al-Haytham]] (965–1039), an [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|Arab physicist]] also known as Alhazen, described the camera obscura effect. Over the centuries others started to experiment with it, mainly in dark rooms with a small opening in shutters, mostly to study the nature of light and to safely watch [[solar eclipse]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one)|last=Plott|first=John C.|year=1984|isbn=978-0-89581-678-8|page=460|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErMRGiNcxJIC&pg=PA460}}</ref>

[[Giambattista Della Porta]] wrote in 1558 in his [[Magia Naturalis]] about using a concave mirror to project the image onto paper and to use this as a drawing aid.<ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Zik |first1=Yaakov |last2=Hon |first2=Giora |title=Claudius Ptolemy and Giambattista Della Porta: Two Contrasting Conceptions of Optics |date=10 February 2019 |class=physics.hist-ph |eprint=1902.03627}}</ref> However, at about the same time, the use of a lens instead of a pinhole was introduced. In the 17th century, the camera obscura with a lens became a popular drawing aid that was further developed into a mobile device, first in a little tent and later in a box. The [[photography|photographic]] camera, as developed early in the 19th century, was basically an adaptation of the box-type camera obscura with a lens.

The term "pin-hole" in the context of optics was found in James Ferguson's 1764 book ''Lectures on select subjects in mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idea.uwosh.edu/nick/oldarticles.htm|title=Nick's pinhole photography|website=idea.uwosh.edu|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930110550/http://idea.uwosh.edu/nick/oldarticles.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wpGvgAACAAJ&pg=PA124|title = Lectures on select subjects in mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, and optics with the use of the globes, the art of dialing, and the calculation of the mean times of new and full moone and eclipses|last1 = Ferguson|first1 = James|year = 1764}}</ref>

===Early pinhole photography===
[[Image:Pinhole-camera.svg|right|thumb|Early pinhole camera. Light enters a dark box through a small hole and creates an inverted image on the wall opposite the hole.<ref name='physics_worldview'>{{cite book|author1-link=Larry D. Kirkpatrick | last1 = Kirkpatrick | first1 = Larry D. | last2 = Francis | first2 = Gregory E. | title = Physics: A World View | chapter = Light | edition = 6 | publisher = Thomson Brooks/Cole | year = 2007 | location = Belmont, California | pages = 339 | isbn = 978-0-495-01088-3}}</ref>]]
The first known description of pinhole photography is found in the 1856 book ''The Stereoscope'' by Scottish inventor [[David Brewster]], including the description of the idea as "a camera without lenses, and with only a pin-hole".

Sir [[William Crookes]] and [[William de Wiveleslie Abney]] were other early photographers to try the pinhole technique.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photo.net/learn/pinhole/pinhole|title=Pinhole photography history|website=photo.net|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202201449/http://photo.net/learn/pinhole/pinhole|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Film and integral photography experiments===
According to inventor [[William Kennedy Dickson]], the first experiments directed at moving pictures by [[Thomas Edison]] and his researchers took place around 1887 and involved "microscopic pin-point photographs, placed on a cylindrical shell". The size of the cylinder corresponded with their [[phonograph]] cylinder as they wanted to combine the moving images with sound recordings. Problems arose in recording clear pictures "with phenomenal speed" and the "coarseness" of the photographic emulsion when the pictures were enlarged. The microscopic pin-point photographs were soon abandoned.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the kinetograph, kinetoscope, & kinetophonograph [by] W. K. L. Dickson and Antonia Dickson.|series = Literature of cinema|year = 1970|publisher = Arno Press|hdl=2027/mdp.39015002595158?urlappend=%3Bseq=18|isbn = 978-0-405-01611-0}}</ref> In 1893 the [[Kinetoscope]] was finally introduced with moving pictures on celluloid film strips. The camera that recorded the images, dubbed ''Kinetograph'', was fitted with a lens.

[[Eugène Estanave]] experimented with [[integral photography]], exhibiting a result in 1925 and publishing his findings in ''La Nature''. After 1930 he chose to continue his experiments with pinholes replacing the lenticular screen.<ref name=Timby>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l0dKCgAAQBAJ&q=%22La%20photographie%20int%C3%A9grale%22%20lippmann&pg=PA44 |title= 3D and Animated Lenticular Photography |last=Timby |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Timby |date= 31 July 2015 |publisher= Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn= 978-3-11-044806-1 }}</ref>