Editing Pilum (section)

== History ==
The ''pilum ''may have originated from an Italic tribe known as the [[Samnites]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470996577 |title=A Companion to the Roman Army |date=2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-0-470-99657-7 |editor-last=Erdkamp |editor-first=Paul |location=Oxford, UK |pages=8 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470996577}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeon |first1=Jeong-hwan |last2=Kim |first2=Sung-kyu |last3=Koh |first3=Jin-hwan |date=2015-12-22 |title=Historical review on the patterns of open innovation at the national level: the case of the roman period |journal=Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=20 |doi=10.1186/s40852-015-0026-4 
|issn=2199-8531 |doi-access=free |hdl=10419/176513 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Марибор |first=IZUM-Институтp информацијских знаности |title=Greco-Macedonian Influences in the Manipular Legion System :: M + |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/228051980 |access-date=2023-03-15 |journal=Arheologija I Prirodne Nauke |issue=11 |pages=145–154 |language=sr}}</ref> It also may 
have been influenced by [[Celtiberians|Celtiberian]] and [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] weapons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quesada Sanz |first=Fernando |date=2006 |title=Not so different: individual fighting techniques and small unit tactics of Roman and Iberian armies within the framework of warfare in the Hellenistic Age |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43684935 |journal=Pallas |issue=7pm 0 |pages=245–263 |jstor=43684935 |issn=0031-0387}}</ref> The ''pilum'' may have derived from a Celtiberian weapon known as the'' [[falarica]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nardo |first=Don |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVSWpwAACAAJ |title=The Roman Army: An Instrument of Power |date=2004 |publisher=Lucent Books |isbn=978-1-59018-316-8 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Not so different: individual fighting techniques and battle tactics of Roman and Iberian armies within the framework of warfare in the Hellenistic Age |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238749568 |journal=Actes du Colloque International de Toulouse |via=
[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> [[Archaeological excavation]]s have disclosed ''pila'' in tombs at the Etruscan city of [[Tarquinia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=D’Amato |first1=Raffaele |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDFjDwAAQBAJ |title=The Etruscans: 9th–2nd Centuries BC |last2=Salimbeti |first2=Andrea |date=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-2830-9 |language=en}}</ref> The oldest finds of pila are from the Etruscan settlements of [[Vulci]] and [[Talamone]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bohec |first1=Le |title=Pilum |date=2006|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e925410 |work=Brill’s New Pauly |access-date=2023-03-15 |publisher=Brill |language=en |last2=Yann (Lyon)}}</ref> The first identified written reference to the ''pilum'' comes from [[The Histories (Polybius)|''The Histories'']] of [[Polybius]]. According to Polybius, more heavily armed Roman military soldiers used a spear called the ''hyssoí''. This may have been the ''pilum''. The precursor to the ''pilum'' was the ''[[Hasta (spear)|hasta]]''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Petrocelli |first=Corrado |title=Tactics: Republic |date=2015|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118318140.wbra1478 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army |pages=979–1028 |editor-last=Le Bohec |editor-first=Yann |access-date=2023-03-15 |place=Chichester, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118318140.wbra1478 |isbn=978-1-118-31814-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meiklejohn |first=K. W. |date=1938 |title=Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 b.c. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/greece-and-rome/article/abs/roman-strategy-and-tactics-from-509-to-202-bc/7971F518CA1E4468BBCEAFD296D42042 |journal=Greece & Rome |language=en |volume=7 |issue=21 |pages=170–178 |doi=10.1017/S0017383500005623 |s2cid=162206844 |issn=1477-4550}}</ref> It is unclear how soon it was replaced by the ''pilum''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGUHEAAAQBAJ |title=Romans at War: The Roman Military in the Republic and Empire |date=2020|publisher=Casemate |isbn=978-1-61200-886-8 |language=en}}</ref> Polybius mentioned that it was an important contributor to the Roman victory at the [[Battle of Telamon]] in 225 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nijboer |first=Albert |date=1991 |title=Funerary Symbols on the Temple Decorations from the Talamonaccio |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/funerary-symbols-on-the-temple-decorations-from-the-talamonaccio |journal=Papers from the Institute of Archaeology |volume=2 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.5334/pia.19 |issn=2041-9015 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Use of the ''pilum'' was discontinued by Roman military in the second century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerrigan |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4AVAQAAMAAJ |title=Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire |date=2001 |publisher=DK Pub. |isbn=978-0-7894-8153-5 |page=42 |language=en}}</ref>