Editing Pierre Curie (section)

== Early life ==
Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugène Curie (1827–1910), a doctor of French [[Huguenot]] Protestant origin from [[Alsace]], and Sophie-Claire Curie (née Depouilly; 1832–1897). He was educated by his father and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. When he was 16, he earned his Bachelor of Science in mathematics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pierre Curie|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/pierre-curie|access-date=11 December 2020|website=biography.yourdictionary.com}}</ref>{{clarify|date=November 2017}} By the age of 18, he earned his license in physical sciences from the Faculty of Sciences at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], also known as the University of Paris.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pierre Curie|url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/pierre-curie|access-date=6 November 2020|website=Atomic Heritage Foundation|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002719/https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/pierre-curie|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pierre Curie|url=https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/pierre.htm|access-date=11 December 2020|website=history.aip.org|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002622/https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/pierre.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He did not proceed immediately to a doctorate due to lack of money. Instead, he worked as a laboratory instructor.<ref name="Quinn">{{cite book|last1=Quinn|first1=Susan|title=Marie Curie : a life|date=1996|publisher=Addison-Wesley|location=Reading, Mass.|isbn=978-0-201-88794-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bteAVVwkeUIC&pg=PA106}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> When Pierre Curie was preparing for his [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, he worked in the laboratory of [[Jean-Gustave Bourbouze]] in the Faculty of Science.<ref>''Marie Curie et Les conquérants de tome : 1896–2006'', par [[Jean-Pierre Poirier]]</ref> In 1895, he went on to receive his doctorate at the [[University of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Curie, Pierre, 1859–1906|url=https://history.aip.org/phn/11709002.html|access-date=9 October 2020|website=history.aip.org|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002648/https://history.aip.org/phn/11709002.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The submission material for his doctorate consisted of his research over [[magnetism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marie Curie – A Student in Paris (1891–1897)|url=https://history.aip.org/history/exhibits/curie/stud1.htm|access-date=14 November 2020|website=history.aip.org}}</ref> After obtaining his doctorate, he became professor of physics and in 1900, he became professor in the faculty of sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/biographical/|access-date=9 October 2020|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704124047/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/pierre-curie-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Pierre Curie et Marie Sklodowska Curie 1895.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Pierre and [[Marie Skłodowska-Curie]], 1895]]

In 1880, Pierre and his older brother [[Paul-Jacques Curie|Paul-Jacques]] (1856–1941) demonstrated that an electric potential was generated when crystals were compressed, i.e., [[piezoelectricity]].<ref name="Brothers">{{cite journal
    | title=          This Month in Physics History: March 1880: The Curie Brothers Discover Piezoelectricity
    | journal=          ACS News
    | date=          2014
    | volume=          March
    | url=          https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201403/physicshistory.cfm
    | access-date=          8 July 2016
| archive-date=          11 February 2021
| archive-url=          https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002637/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201403/physicshistory.cfm
    | url-status=          live
    }}</ref> To aid this work they invented the piezoelectric quartz electrometer.<ref name="Molinié">{{cite journal |last1=Molinié |first1=Philippe |last2=Boudia |first2=Soraya |author-link2=Soraya Boudia |date=May 2009 |title=Mastering picocoulombs in the 1890s: The Curies' quartz–electrometer instrumentation, and how it shaped early radioactivity history |journal=Journal of Electrostatics |volume=67 |issue=2–3 |pages=524–530 |doi=10.1016/j.elstat.2009.01.031}}</ref> The following year they demonstrated the reverse effect: that crystals could be made to deform when subject to an electric field.<ref
name="Brothers" /> Almost all digital electronic circuits now rely on this in the form of [[crystal oscillator]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
 |author       = Manbachi, A. and Cobbold R.S.C.
 |title        = Development and Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Ultrasound Generation and Detection
 |journal      = Ultrasound
 |volume       = 19
 |issue        = 4
 |pages        = 187–196
 |date         = November 2011
 |doi          = 10.1258/ult.2011.011027
 |s2cid        = 56655834
 |url          = http://ult.rsmjournals.com/content/19/4/187.full
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013951/http://ult.rsmjournals.com/content/19/4/187.full
 |archive-date = 22 July 2012
|accessdate   = 21 November 2011
}}</ref> In subsequent work on magnetism Pierre Curie defined the Curie scale.<ref>{{cite journal
    | last1=    Kürti
    | first1=   N.
    | last2=    Simon
    | first2=   F.
    | title=     LXXIII. Remarks on the "Curie" scale of temperature
    | journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
    | date=     1938
    | volume=26
    | issue=    178
    | pages=   849–854
    | doi=       10.1080/14786443808562176
}}</ref> This work also involved delicate equipment – balances, electrometers, etc.<ref>Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967.[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/pierre-curie/biographical/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704124047/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/pierre-curie-bio.html|date=4 July 2018}}  <!--  “This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source [in the form I’ve copied here].”  --></ref>

Pierre Curie was introduced to [[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska]] by their friend, physicist [[Józef Wierusz-Kowalski]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Redniss|first1=Lauren|title=[[Radioactive (Redniss book)|Radioactive]]|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, New York|page=26}}</ref> Curie took her into his laboratory as his student. His admiration for her grew when he realized that she would not inhibit his research.{{explain|reason=Do researchers typically take people into their lab who they think will interfere with their work?|date=April 2023}} He began to regard Skłodowska as his muse.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Redniss|first1=Lauren|title=Radioactive|date=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, New York|page=33}}</ref> She refused his initial proposal, but finally agreed to marry him on 26 July 1895.<ref name="Quinn" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Estreicher|first1=Tadeusz|title=Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich|date=1938|publisher=In Polski słownik biograficzny|page=111|edition=vol. 4|language=pl}}</ref>

{{blockquote|It would be a beautiful thing, a thing I dare not hope if we could spend our life near each other, hypnotized by our dreams: your patriotic dream, our humanitarian dream, and our scientific dream.  [Pierre Curie to Maria Skłodowska]<ref name="Quinn" />{{rp|117}} }}The Curies had a happy, affectionate marriage, and they were known for their devotion to each other.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acTYGnGdFc8C&q=pierre|title=Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie (Great Discoveries)|last=Goldsmith|first=Barbara|date=16 May 2011|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-07976-0|language=en}}</ref>