Editing Pierre-Auguste Renoir (section)

==Life==
===Youth===
[[File:Renoir A Box at the Theater (At the Concert).jpg|thumb|296x296px|''A Box at the Theater (At the Concert)'', 1880, [[Clark Art Institute]], Williamstown]]
Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in [[Limoges]], [[Haute-Vienne]], France, in 1841. His father, Léonard Renoir, was a tailor of modest means, so, in 1844, Renoir's family moved to Paris in search of more favorable prospects. The location of their home, in rue d'Argenteuil in central [[Paris]], placed Renoir in proximity to the Louvre. Although the young Renoir had a natural proclivity for drawing, he exhibited a greater talent for singing. His talent was encouraged by his teacher, [[Charles Gounod]], who was the choirmaster at the Church of St Roch at the time. However, due to the family's financial circumstances, Renoir had to discontinue his music lessons and leave school at the age of thirteen to pursue an apprenticeship at a [[porcelain]] factory.<ref>Renoir, Jean: ''[[Renoir, My Father]]'', pages 57–67. Collins, 1962.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=History & Techniques of the Great Masters: Renoir|last=Jennings|first=Guy|publisher=Quantum Publishing Ltd.|year=2003|isbn=1861604696|location=London|pages=6}}</ref>

Although Renoir displayed a talent for his work, he frequently tired of the subject matter and sought refuge in the galleries of the [[Louvre]]. The owner of the factory recognized his apprentice's talent and communicated this to Renoir's family. Following this, Renoir started taking lessons to prepare for entry into [[École des Beaux-Arts de Paris|Ecole des Beaux Arts]]. When the [[porcelain]] factory adopted mechanical reproduction processes in 1858, Renoir was forced to find other means to support his learning.<ref name=":0" /> Before he enrolled in art school, he also painted hangings for overseas missionaries and decorations on fans.<ref>Vollard, Ambroise: ''Renoir, An Intimate Record'', pages 24–29. Knopf, 1925.</ref>

In 1862, he began studying art under [[Charles Gleyre]] in Paris. There he met [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Frédéric Bazille]], and [[Claude Monet]].<ref>Vollard, page 30.</ref> At times, during the 1860s, he did not have enough money to buy paint. Renoir had his first success at the [[Salon (Paris)|Salon]] of 1868 with his painting ''[[Lise with a Parasol]]'' (1867), which depicted [[Lise Tréhot]], his lover at the time.<ref name="OxfordArtOnline">[[Distel, Anne]]. "Renoir, Auguste." ''Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online''. Oxford University Press. Web. 27 December 2014.</ref> Although Renoir first started exhibiting paintings at the [[Paris Salon]] in 1864,<ref>Wadley, Nicholas: ''Renoir, A Retrospective'', page 15. Park Lane, 1989.</ref> recognition was slow in coming, partly as a result of the turmoil of the [[Franco-Prussian War]].

During the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871, while Renoir painted on the banks of the [[Seine|Seine River]], some [[Communards]] thought he was a spy and were about to throw him into the river, when a leader of the ''Commune'', [[Raoul Rigault]], recognized Renoir as the man who had protected him on an earlier occasion.<ref>Renoir, Jean, pages 118–21. Different and less life-threatening versions are offered by Paul Valéry and Vollard. In all accounts, however, their re-acquaintance led to great celebration.</ref> In 1874, a ten-year friendship with Jules Le Cœur and his family ended,<ref name="Wadley, page 15">Wadley, page 15.</ref> and Renoir lost not only the valuable support gained by the association but also a generous welcome to stay on their property near [[Fontainebleau]] and its scenic [[Forest of Fontainebleau|forest]]. This loss of a favorite painting location resulted in a distinct change of subjects.

===Adulthood===
Renoir was inspired by the style and subject matter of previous modern painters [[Camille Pissarro]] and [[Édouard Manet]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haine|first1=Scott|title=The History of France|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-30328-2| page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain/page/112 112] |edition=1st| year=2000|url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain/page/112}}</ref> After a series of rejections by the Salon juries, he joined forces with Monet, Sisley, Pissarro, and several other artists to mount the [[First Impressionist Exhibition]] in April 1874, in which Renoir displayed six paintings. Although the critical response to the exhibition was largely unfavorable, Renoir's work was comparatively well received.<ref name="OxfordArtOnline"/> That same year, two of his works were shown with [[Paul Durand-Ruel|Durand-Ruel]] in London.<ref name= "Wadley, page 15"/>
[[File:Auguste Renoir - The Swing - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Swing (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)|The Swing (La Balançoire)]]'', 1876, oil on canvas, [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris]]

Hoping to secure a livelihood by attracting portrait commissions, Renoir displayed mostly portraits at the second Impressionist exhibition in 1876.<ref name="Brodskaya_114"/> He contributed a more diverse range of paintings the next year when the group presented its third exhibition; they included ''Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette'' and ''The Swing''.<ref name="Brodskaya_114">{{cite book| last= Brodskaja| first= Natalja |year= 2010| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SMqjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title= Impressionism| place= London| publisher= Parkstone Press| page= 114 | isbn= 9781844847433}}</ref>  Renoir did not exhibit in the fourth or fifth Impressionist exhibitions, and instead resumed submitting his works to the Salon. By the end of the 1870s, particularly after the success of his painting ''[[Marguerite Charpentier|Mme Charpentier]] and her Children'' (1878) at the Salon of 1879, Renoir was a successful and fashionable painter.<ref name="OxfordArtOnline"/>

It was also in 1879 that he met the man who was soon to become his main patron, {{ill|Paul Bérard|fr|Paul-Antoine Bérard}}, who regularly invited him to paint and enjoy the Normandy seaside at the {{ill|Château de Wargemont|fr|Château de Wargemont|lt=Château de Wargemont.}}[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|thumb|250px|''Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette'' (''[[Bal du moulin de la Galette]]''), 1876, [[Musée d'Orsay]]]]

In 1881, he traveled to [[Algeria]], a country he associated with [[Eugène Delacroix]],<ref>{{cite book| last1= Poulet| first1= A. L.| last2= Murphy| first2= A. R. |year= 1979| title= Corot to Braque: French Paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston| page= 117| place= Boston| publisher= The Museum |isbn= 0-87846-134-5}}</ref> then to [[Madrid]], to see the work of [[Diego Velázquez]]. Following that, he traveled to Italy to see [[Titian]]'s masterpieces in [[Florence]] and the paintings of [[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]] in Rome. On 15 January 1882, Renoir met the composer [[Richard Wagner]] at his home in [[Palermo]], Sicily. Renoir painted Wagner's portrait in just thirty-five minutes. In the same year, after contracting pneumonia which permanently damaged his respiratory system, Renoir convalesced for six weeks in Algeria.<ref name="Wadley, page 25">Wadley, p. 25.</ref>

In 1883, Renoir spent the summer in [[Guernsey]], one of the [[Channel Islands|islands]] in the [[English Channel]] with a varied landscape of beaches, cliffs, and bays, where he created fifteen paintings in little over a month. Most of these feature ''Moulin Huet'', a bay in [[Saint Martin's, Guernsey]]. These paintings were the subject of a set of commemorative postage stamps issued by the Bailiwick of Guernsey in 1983.

While living and working in Montmartre, Renoir employed [[Suzanne Valadon]] as a model, who posed for him (''The Large Bathers'', 1884–1887; ''[[Dance at Bougival]]'', 1883)<ref>Wadley, pages 371, 374.</ref> and many of his fellow painters; during that time, she studied their techniques and eventually became one of the leading painters of the day.

In 1887, the year when [[Queen Victoria]] celebrated her [[Golden Jubilee]], and upon the request of the queen's associate, Phillip Richbourg, Renoir donated several paintings to the "French Impressionist Paintings" catalog as a token of his loyalty.

[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir - Luncheon of the Boating Party - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]'', 1880–1881]]
In 1890, he married [[Aline Charigot|Aline Victorine Charigot]], a dressmaker twenty years his junior,<ref>{{cite book |last1= Renoir| first1= Jean |title=Renoir, My Father |date=2001|publisher=NYRB Classics|isbn=0940322773|page=200}}</ref> who, along with a number of the artist's friends, had already served as a model for ''Le Déjeuner des canotiers'' (''[[Luncheon of the Boating Party]]''; she is the woman on the left playing with the dog) in 1881, and with whom he had already had a child, Pierre, in 1885.<ref name="Wadley, page 25"/> After marrying, Renoir painted many scenes of his wife and daily family life including their children and their nurse, Aline's cousin [[Gabrielle Renard]]. The Renoirs had three sons: [[Pierre Renoir]] (1885–1952), who became a stage and film actor; [[Jean Renoir]] (1894–1979), who became a filmmaker of note; and Claude Renoir (1901–1969), who became a ceramic artist.

===Later years===
[[File:Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, by Dornac, BNF Gallica.jpg|thumb|left|Pierre-Auguste Renoir, {{Circa|1910}}]]
Around 1892, Renoir developed [[rheumatoid arthritis]]. In 1907, he moved to the warmer climate of "Les Collettes", a farm at the village of [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]], [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], close to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] coast.<ref>Wadley, page 28.</ref> Renoir painted during the last twenty years of his life even after his arthritis severely limited his mobility. He developed progressive deformities in his hands and [[ankylosis]] of his right shoulder, requiring him to change his painting technique. It has often been reported that in the advanced stages of his arthritis, he painted by having a brush strapped to his paralyzed fingers,<ref>André, Albert: ''Renoir''. Crés, 1928.</ref> but this is erroneous; Renoir remained able to grasp a brush, although he required an assistant to place it in his hand.<ref name="bmj">{{cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/315/7123/1704.full#R6 |title=Boonen, A.; van de Rest, J.; Dequeker, J.; van der Linden, S.: "How Renoir Coped with Rheumatoid Arthritis". ''British Medical Journal'', 1997:315:1704–1708 |journal=BMJ |date=20 December 1997 |volume=315 |issue=7123 |pages=1704–1708 |publisher=Bmj.com |doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7123.1704 |access-date=7 April 2012|last1=Boonen |first1=Annelies |last2=Rest |first2=Jan van de |last3=Dequeker |first3=Jan |last4=Linden |first4=Sjef van der |pmid=9448547 |pmc=2128020 }}</ref> The wrapping of his hands with bandages, apparent in late photographs of the artist, served to prevent skin irritation.<ref name="bmj" />

In 1919, Renoir visited the [[Musée du Louvre|Louvre]] to see his paintings hanging with those of the old masters. During this period, he created sculptures by cooperating with a young artist, [[Richard Guino]], who worked the clay. Due to his limited joint mobility, Renoir also used a moving canvas, or picture roll, to facilitate painting large works.<ref name="bmj" />

Renoir's portrait of Austrian actress [[Tilla Durieux]] (1914) contains playful flecks of vibrant color on her shawl that offset the classical pose of the actress and highlight Renoir's skill just five years before his death.

Renoir died in Cagnes-sur-Mer on 3 December 1919 at the age of 78.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renoir Biography, Life & Quotes|url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/renoir-pierre-auguste/life-and-legacy/|access-date=7 October 2021|website=The Art Story}}</ref>

=== Family legacy ===
Pierre-Auguste Renoir's great-grandson, [[Alexandre Renoir]], has also become a professional artist. In 2018, the Monthaven Arts and Cultural Center in Hendersonville, Tennessee, hosted ''Beauty Remains'', an exhibition of his works. The exhibition title comes from a famous quote by Renoir who, when asked why he continued to paint with his painful arthritis in his advanced years, replied "The pain passes, but the beauty remains."<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://news.yahoo.com/alexandre-renoir-exhibit-monthaven-arts-190912574.html| title= Alexandre Renoir Exhibit at Monthaven Arts & Cultural Center in Hendersonville| website= news.yahoo.com| date= 9 May 2018|language=en-US|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref>