Editing Philip II of Spain (section)

==Early life: 1527–1548==
[[File:Bautizo Felipe II grande.jpg|thumb|left|''The Baptism of Philip II'' in [[Valladolid]], Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in [[Palacio de Pimentel]] (Valladolid)]]
A member of the [[House of Habsburg]], Philip was the son of [[Emperor Charles V]], who was also king of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], and [[Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Isabella of Portugal]]. He was born in the Castilian capital of [[Valladolid]] on 21 May 1527 at [[Palacio de Pimentel]],<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://servicios.jcyl.es/pweb/datos.do?numero=16049&tipo=Inmueble&ruta=
| website = Junta de Castilla y León
| title = BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL
| access-date = 12 January 2023
}}</ref> which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess [[Leonor de Mascareñas]], and tutored by [[Juan Martínez Siliceo]], the future [[archbishop of Toledo]]. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over [[Latin]], Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a [[polyglot]]. While Philip was also an [[archduke of Austria]], he was seen as a foreigner in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne.<ref name="JBE">James Boyden. ''Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopaedia of the Early Modern World''.</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters, [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|María]] and [[Joan of Austria, Princess of Portugal|Juana]], and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman [[Ruy Gómez de Silva|Rui Gomes da Silva]] and [[Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga]], the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would [[Antonio Pérez (statesman)|Antonio Pérez]], his [[Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)|secretary]] from 1541.

Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor, [[Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens]], a Castilian nobleman who served as the ''[[commendador]] mayor'' of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]] during the [[Italian War of 1542–1546|Italian Wars]]. Philip was present at the [[Siege of Perpignan (1542)|Siege of Perpignan]] in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the [[Henry II of France|Dauphin of France]]. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the [[Cortes of Aragon#Early Cortes|Aragonese Cortes]] at [[Monzón]]. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the [[List of Spanish regents|regency of the Spanish kingdoms]] in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the [[Duke of Milan]] in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.

Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary [[Francisco de los Cobos]] and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised "piety, patience, modesty, and distrust". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, "he had a smile that was cut by a sword".<ref>''Encyclopedia of World Biography'' (2004).</ref> {{page needed|date=March 2025}}

In November 1548, Philip traveled with [[Diego López de Medrano y Vergara#Diego López de Medrano|Diego López de Medrano]], his first (or chief) [[equerry]], to Rosas and [[Genoa]] aboard the [[galley]] belonging to Antonio de Toledo, the senior equerry.<ref>''Diccionario de appelidos enciclopedia heraldica y genealogica.'' page. 188</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2015 |title=La Costa da Morte y la Armada Invencible - Adiante Galicia |url=https://www.adiantegalicia.es/reportaxes/2015/02/12/la-costa-da-morte-y-la-armada-invencible.html |access-date=27 January 2025 |language=es}}</ref>