Editing Philip Glass (section)

==Early life and education==
<!-- for middle name "Morris" need RS prior to 2009 -- or later but definitely official-->Glass was born in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]],<ref>{{cite AV media|people=[[Scott Hicks (director)|Scott Hicks]]|year=2007|title=[[Glass: A Portrait of Philip in Twelve Parts]]|time=33:20}}</ref><ref>''Contemporary Authors''. New Revision Series. Vol. 131 (Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005):169–180.</ref> on January 31, 1937,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/philip-glass-9313058 |title=Philip Glass Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story |publisher=Biography.com |access-date=March 29, 2013}}</ref> the son of Ida (née Gouline) and Benjamin Charles Glass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/57/Philip-Glass.html |title=Philip Glass Biography (1937–) |publisher=Filmreference.com |access-date=September 20, 2011}}</ref> His family were [[History of the Jews in Latvia|Latvian-Jewish]] and [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian-Jewish]] emigrants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glass |first=Philip |title=Words Without Music |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-87140-438-1 |pages=16}}</ref><ref name=Mahoney>{{cite news|author=John O'Mahony|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/nov/24/arts.highereducation1|title=When less means more|work=[[The Guardian]]|date= November 24, 2001|access-date=March 29, 2013|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Staines2010">{{cite book|author=Joe Staines|title=The Rough Guide to Classical Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1ga2hNiiAgC&pg=PA209|access-date=March 20, 2012|year=2010|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4053-8321-9|page=209}}</ref> His father owned a record store and his mother was a [[librarian]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/apr/26/philip-glass-words-without-music-memoir-review-fiona-maddocks|title=''Words Without Music'' review – Philip Glass's deft, quietly witty memoir|last=Maddocks|first=Fiona|date=April 26, 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref> In his memoir, Glass recalls that at the end of [[World War&nbsp;II]] his mother aided Jewish [[Holocaust survivors]], inviting recent arrivals to America to stay at their home until they could find a job and a place to live.<ref name=Glass>Glass, Philip. ''Words Without Music: A Memoir'', New York: W. W. Norton. (2016) {{ISBN|1-63149-143-1}}</ref>{{rp|14}} She developed a plan to help them learn English and develop skills so they could find work.<ref name=Glass/>{{rp|15}} His sister, Sheppie, would later do similar work as an active member of the [[International Rescue Committee]].<ref name=Glass/>{{rp|15}}

Glass developed his appreciation of music from his father, discovering later that his father's side of the family had many musicians. His cousin Cevia was a [[classical pianist]], while others had been in [[vaudeville]]. He learned his family was also related to [[Al Jolson]].<ref name=Glass/>{{rp|16}} Glass's father often received promotional copies of new recordings at his music store. Glass spent many hours listening to them, developing his knowledge of and taste in music. This openness to modern sounds affected Glass at an early age:{{blockquote|My father was self-taught, but he ended up having a very refined and rich knowledge of classical, chamber, and contemporary music. Typically he would come home and have dinner, and then sit in his armchair and listen to music until almost midnight. I caught on to this very early, and I would go and listen with him.<ref name=Glass/>{{rp|17}}}}

The elder Glass promoted both new recordings and a wide selection of composers to his customers, sometimes convincing them to try something new by allowing them to return records they did not like.<ref name=Glass/>{{rp|17}} His store soon developed a reputation as Baltimore's leading source of modern music.<ref name="WSJ 2015">{{cite news | title=Composer Philip Glass's Childhood Gig | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=May 12, 2015 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/composer-philip-glasss-childhood-gig-1431444915 | access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> Glass built a sizable record collection from the unsold records in his father's store, including modern classical music such as [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]], [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]],<ref name="wiseguy" /> [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and Western classical music including [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's]] string quartets and [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]]'s [[Piano Trio No. 1 (Schubert)|B{{music|b}} Piano Trio]]. Glass cites Schubert's work as a "big influence" growing up.<ref>{{citation |title=Philip Glass on making music with no frills |periodical=[[The Independent]] |date=June 29, 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2008 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/interview-philip-glass-on-making-music-with-no-frills-455067.html |location=London |archive-date=August 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825090329/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/interview-philip-glass-on-making-music-with-no-frills-455067.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a 2011 interview, Glass stated that Franz Schubert—with whom he shares a birthday—is his favorite composer.<ref>{{cite news |last=Skipworth |first=Mark |date=January 31, 2011 |title=Philip Glass shows no signs of easing up |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/8291801/Philip-Glass-shows-no-signs-of-easing-up.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/8291801/Philip-Glass-shows-no-signs-of-easing-up.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

He studied the flute as a child at the [[Peabody Preparatory]] of the [[Peabody Institute of Music]]. At the age of 15, he entered an accelerated college program at the [[University of Chicago]] where he studied mathematics and philosophy.<ref name="Rhein">[http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/vonrhein/ct-philip-glass-ae-1030-20161026-column.html "Philip Glass, winner of 2016 Tribune Literary Award, reflects on a life well composed"] by John von Rhein, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', October 26, 2016</ref> In Chicago, he discovered the [[serialism]] of [[Anton Webern]] and composed a [[Twelve-tone technique|twelve-tone]] [[string trio]].<ref name="Schwarz">{{harvnb|Schwarz|1996|p={{page needed|date=December 2020}}}}</ref> In 1954, Glass traveled to Paris, where he encountered the films of [[Jean Cocteau]], which made a lasting impression on him. He visited artists' studios and saw their work; Glass recalls, "the [[bohemianism|bohemian life]] you see in [Cocteau's] ''[[Orpheus (film)|Orphée]]'' was the life I ... was attracted to, and those were the people I hung out with."<ref name="Cott">Jonathan Cott, "Conversation Philip Glass on ''La Belle et la Bête'', booklet notes to the recording, [[Nonesuch Records|Nonesuch]] 1995</ref>

Glass studied at the [[Juilliard School of Music]] where the keyboard was his main instrument. His composition teachers included [[Vincent Persichetti]] and [[William Bergsma]]. Fellow students included [[Steve Reich]] and [[Peter Schickele]]. In 1959, he was a winner in the [[BMI Foundation]]'s BMI Student Composer Awards, an international prize for young composers. In the summer of 1960, he studied with [[Darius Milhaud]] at the summer school of the [[Aspen Music Festival]] and composed a violin concerto for a fellow student, Dorothy Pixley-Rothschild.<ref>Ev Grimes: "Interview: Education" in {{harvnb|Kostelanetz|1999|p=25}}</ref> After leaving Juilliard in 1962, Glass moved to [[Pittsburgh]] and worked as a school-based composer-in-residence in the public school system, composing various choral, chamber, and orchestral music.{{sfn|Potter|2000|p=253}}