Editing Phenyl group (section)

==Nomenclature==
Usually, a "phenyl group" is synonymous with {{chem2|C6H5\s}} and is [[skeletal formula#Pseudoelement symbols|represented by the symbol]] Ph (archaically, [[Φ]]), or Ø. Benzene is sometimes denoted as PhH. Phenyl groups are generally attached to other atoms or groups. For example, [[triphenylmethane]] ({{chem2|Ph3CH}}) has three phenyl groups attached to the same carbon center. Many or even most phenyl compounds are not described with the term "phenyl". For example, the chloro derivative {{chem2|C6H5Cl}} is normally called [[chlorobenzene]], although it could be called phenyl chloride. In special (and rare) cases, isolated phenyl groups are detected: the phenyl anion ({{chem2|C6H5-}}), the phenyl cation ({{chem2|C6H5+}}), and the phenyl [[radical (chemistry)|radical]] ({{chem|C|6|H|5|•}}).

Although Ph and phenyl uniquely denote {{chem2|C6H5\s}}, substituted derivatives also are described using the phenyl terminology. For example, {{chem2|C6H4NO2\s}} is nitrophenyl, and {{chem2|C6F5\s}} is pentafluorophenyl. Monosubstituted phenyl groups (that is, disubstituted benzenes) are associated with [[electrophilic aromatic substitution]] reactions and the products follow the [[arene substitution pattern]]. So, a given substituted phenyl compound has three isomers, ''ortho'' (1,2-disubstitution), ''meta'' (1,3-disubstitution) and ''para'' (1,4-disubstitution). A disubstituted phenyl compound (trisubstituted benzene) may be, for example, 1,3,5-trisubstituted or 1,2,3-trisubstituted. Higher degrees of substitution, of which the pentafluorophenyl group is an example, exist and are named according to IUPAC nomenclature.

===Etymology===
Phenyl is derived {{ety|fr|phényle}}, which in turn derived {{ety|el|''φαίνω'' (phaino)|shining}}, as the first phenyl compounds named were byproducts of [[history of manufactured gas|making and refining]] various [[gas lighting|gases used for lighting]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/phenyl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216194714/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/phenyl |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |title=phenyl |work=English by Lexico Dictionaries |access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref> According to McMurry, "The word is derived {{ety|el|pheno|I&nbsp;bear light}}, commemorating the discovery of benzene by [[Michael Faraday]] in 1825 from the oily residue left by the illuminating gas used in London street lamps."<ref>{{cite book |last1=McMurry |first1=John E. |title=Organic Chemistry, Enhanced Edition |date=2009 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=9781111790042 |page=518 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ffs7AAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>