Editing Phencyclidine (section)

==Recreational uses==
[[File:Phencyclidine (PCP).jpg|thumb|right|Illicit PCP in several forms seized by the [[DEA]].]]
Phencyclidine is used for its ability to induce a dissociative state.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Millan MJ, Brocco M, Gobert A, Joly F, Bervoets K, Rivet J, Newman-Tancredi A, Audinot V, Maurel S | title = Contrasting mechanisms of action and sensitivity to antipsychotics of phencyclidine versus amphetamine: importance of nucleus accumbens 5-HT2A sites for PCP-induced locomotion in the rat | journal = The European Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | pages = 4419–32 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10594669 | doi = 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00858.x | s2cid = 43150509 }}</ref>

===Effects===
Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10&nbsp;mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02&nbsp;mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce [[analgesia]] and anesthesia. High doses may lead to [[convulsions]].<ref name="Diaz">Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996.</ref> The drug is often illegally produced under poorly controlled conditions; this means that users may be unaware of the actual dose they are taking.<ref name="Neuroscience for Kids">{{cite web |url= http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/pcp.html |title=Neuroscience for Kids – PCP| vauthors = Chudler EM |access-date=2011-01-26 |work=Neuroscience for Kids}}</ref>

Psychological effects include severe changes in [[body image (medicine)|body image]], [[Ego death|loss of ego boundaries]], [[paranoia]], and [[depersonalization]]. Psychosis, agitation and dysphoria, hallucinations, blurred vision, [[euphoria]], and [[suicidal impulse]]s are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior.<ref name="beyT"/><ref name=Inciardi/>{{rp|48–49}}<ref name="Diaz"/> Like many other drugs, PCP has been known to alter mood states unpredictably, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.<ref name=NIH2018Fact/>

Studies by the [[Drug Abuse Warning Network]] in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use.<ref name=Inciardi/>{{rp|48}} Although uncommon, events of PCP-intoxicated individuals acting in an unpredictable fashion, possibly driven by their delusions or hallucinations, have been publicized.<ref name="Morgan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan JP, Kagan D | title = The Dusting of America: The Image of Phencyclidine (PCP) in the Popular Media | journal = Journal of Psychedelic Drugs | volume = 12 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 195–204 | date = July 1980 | pmid = 7431414 | doi = 10.1080/02791072.1980.10471426 }}</ref> Other commonly cited types of incidents include inflicting property damage and self-mutilation of various types, such as pulling out one's teeth.<ref name=Inciardi/>{{rp|48}}<ref name="Morgan"/> These effects were not noted in its medicinal use in the 1950s and 1960s, however, reports of physical violence on PCP have often been shown to be unfounded.<ref name=brecher>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brecher M, Wang BW, Wong H, Morgan JP | title = Phencyclidine and violence: clinical and legal issues | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 397–401 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3069880 | doi = 10.1097/00004714-198812000-00003 | s2cid = 33659160 }}</ref><ref name=wish>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wish ED | title = PCP and crime: just another illicit drug? | journal = NIDA Research Monograph | volume = 64 | pages = 174–89 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3086733 }}</ref>

Recreational doses of the drug also occasionally appear to [[Substance-induced psychosis|induce a psychotic state]], with emotional and cognitive impairment that resembles a [[Schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] episode.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Uchida M, Hida H, Mori K, Yoshimi A, Kitagaki S, Yamada K, Hiraoka Y, Aida T, Tanaka K, Ozaki N, Noda Y |title=Functional roles of the glial glutamate transporter (GLAST) in emotional and cognitive abnormalities of mice after repeated phencyclidine administration |journal=Eur Neuropsychopharmacol |date=August 2019 |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=918–24 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.06.005 |pmid=31303267 |s2cid=195887087 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luisada PV |title=The phencyclidine psychosis: phenomenology and treatment |journal=NIDA Research Monograph |issue=21 |pages=241–253 |date=August 1978 |pmid=101872 |url=https://archives.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/monograph21.pdf |veditors=Petersen RC, Stillman RC |publisher=[[National Institute on Drug Abuse]]}}</ref> Users generally report feeling detached from reality.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pender JW |title=Dissociative anesthesia |journal=California Medicine |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=46–47 |date=October 1972 |pmid=18730832 |pmc=1518731}}</ref>

Symptoms are summarized by the [[list of medical mnemonics|mnemonic]] device RED DANES: rage, [[erythema]] (redness of skin), dilated pupils, delusions, [[amnesia]], [[nystagmus]] (oscillation of the eyeball when moving laterally), excitation, and skin dryness.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Giannini AJ |title=Drugs of Abuse|edition=Second|publisher=Los Angeles: Practice Management Information Corp|year=1997|page=126|isbn=978-1-57066-053-5}}</ref>

===Addiction===
PCP is self-administered and induces [[ΔFosB]] expression in the [[D1-type]] [[medium spiny neuron]]s of the [[nucleus accumbens]],<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 374–375 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders}}</ref><ref name="PCP ΔFosB">{{cite journal| vauthors = Nestler EJ |title=Review. Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of DeltaFosB|journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.|volume=363|issue=1507|pages=3245–3255|date=October 12, 2008|pmid=18640924|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0067|pmc=2607320}}{{cite journal|title=Table 1: Drugs of abuse known to induce ΔFosB in nucleus accumbens after chronic administration|pmc=2607320|pmid=18640924|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0067|volume=363|issue=1507|date=October 2008|journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.|pages=3245–55|vauthors=Nestler EJ}}</ref> and accordingly, excessive PCP use is known to cause [[addiction]].<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine"/> PCP's [[rewarding]] and [[reinforcing]] effects are at least partly mediated by blocking the [[NMDA receptor]]s in the glutamatergic inputs to D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens.<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine"/> PCP has been shown to produce [[conditioned place aversion]] and [[conditioned place preference]] in animal studies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Noda Y, Nabeshima T | title = Neuronal mechanisms of phencyclidine-induced place aversion and preference in the conditioned place preference task | journal = Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 607–11 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9819806 | doi = 10.1358/mf.1998.20.7.485726 }}</ref>

===Schizophrenia===
A 2019 review found that the transition rate from a diagnosis of [[Substance-induced psychosis|hallucinogen-induced psychosis]] (which included PCP) to that of schizophrenia was 26%. This was lower than [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]-induced psychosis (34%) but higher than [[amphetamine]]- (22%), [[opioid]]- (12%), [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]]- (10%), and [[sedative]]-induced (9%) psychoses. In comparison, the transition rate to schizophrenia for "brief, atypical and not otherwise specified" psychosis was found to be 36%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murrie B, Lappin J, Large M, Sara G | title = Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 505–516 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 31618428 | pmc = 7147575 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbz102 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Methods of administration===
{{redirect|Sherm stick|the song by Jayo Felony|Take a Ride}}
PCP has multiple routes of administration. Most commonly, the powder form of the drug is snorted. PCP can also be orally ingested, injected subcutaneously or intravenously, or smoked laced with marijuana or cigarettes.<ref name="Bertron_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertron JL, Seto M, Lindsley CW | title = DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Phencyclidine (PCP) | journal = ACS Chemical Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 2459–2474 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29953199 | doi = 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00266 | s2cid = 49603581 }}</ref>
* PCP can be ingested through smoking. "Fry" and "sherm" are street terms for marijuana or tobacco cigarettes that are dipped in PCP and then dried.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs11/12208/|title=Fry Fast Facts|publisher=[[National Drug Intelligence Center]]|access-date=2017-01-15|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111038/https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs11/12208/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* PCP hydrochloride can be insufflated (snorted), depending upon the purity. This is most often referred to as "angel dust".<ref name="Bertron_2018" /> 
* An oral pill can also be compressed from the co-compounded powder form of the drug. This is usually referred to as "peace pill".<ref name="Bertron_2018" />
* The [[free base]] is hydrophobic and may be absorbed through skin and mucous membranes (often inadvertently). This form of the drug is commonly called "wack".<ref name="Bertron_2018" />