Editing Pharaoh (section)

== Etymology ==
The word ''pharaoh'' ultimately derives from the [[Egyptian language#History|Egyptian]] compound ''{{lang|egy-Latn|[[wikt:pr ꜥꜣ|pr ꜥꜣ]]}}'', *{{ipa|/ˌpaɾuwˈʕaʀ/}} "great house", written with the two [[Egyptian biliteral signs|biliteral hieroglyphs]] ''{{lang|egy-Latn|[[pr (hieroglyph)|pr]]}}'' "house" and ''{{lang|egy-Latn|ꜥꜣ}}'' "column", here meaning "great" or "high". It was the title of the royal palace and was used only in larger phrases such as ''[[wikt:smr#Etymology 1|smr]] pr-ꜥꜣ'' "Courtier of the High House", with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace.<ref>A. Gardiner, ''Ancient Egyptian Grammar'' (3rd ed., 1957), 71–76.</ref> From the [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]] onward, the word appears in a wish formula "Great House, May it [[Ankh wedja seneb|Live, Prosper, and be in Health]]", but again only with reference to the royal palace and not a person.
[[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Mask of Tutankhamun]] from tomb [[KV62]] in the [[Valley of the Kings]]. Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth]]
Sometime during the era of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], ''pharaoh'' became the form of address for a person who was king. The earliest confirmed instance where ''pr ꜥꜣ'' is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to the eighteenth dynasty king, [[Akhenaten]] (reigned {{Circa|1353}}–1336 BCE), that is addressed to "Great House, L, W, H, the Lord".<ref>''Hieratic Papyrus from Kahun and Gurob'', F. LL. Griffith, 38, 17.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924086199514|title=Illahun, Kahun and Gurob : 1889–1890|last1=Petrie|first1=W. M. (William Matthew Flinders)|last2=Sayce|first2=A. H. (Archibald Henry)|last3=Griffith|first3=F. Ll (Francis Llewellyn)|date=1891|publisher=London : D. Nutt|others=Cornell University Library|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924086199514/page/n65 50]}}</ref> However, there is a possibility that the title ''pr ꜥꜣ'' first might have been applied personally to [[Thutmose III]] ({{Circa|1479}}–1425 BCE), depending on whether an inscription on the Temple of Armant may be confirmed to refer to that king.<ref>[[iarchive:EXCMEM43 1/page/n2|Robert Mond and O.H. Meyers. ''Temples of Armant, a Preliminary Survey: The Text,'' The Egypt Exploration Society, London, 1940]], 160.</ref> During the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth dynasty]] (sixteenth to fourteenth centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a [[deference|reverential designation]] of the ruler. About the late [[Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-first Dynasty]] (tenth century BCE), however, instead of being used alone and originally just for the palace, it began to be added to the other titles before the name of the king, and from the [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-Fifth Dynasty]] (eighth to seventh centuries BCE, during the declining [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]]) it was, at least in ordinary use, the only [[epithet]] prefixed to the royal appellative.<ref>"pharaoh" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Ultimate Reference Suite''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>

From the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth dynasty]] onward ''pr-ꜥꜣ'' on its own, was used as regularly as '''''[[wiktionary:ḥm#Egyptian|ḥm]]''''', "Majesty".<ref name="Denise M. Doxey">{{cite book|last=Doxey|first=Denise M.|author-link=Denise M. Doxey|title=Egyptian Non-Royal Epithets in the Middle Kingdom: A Social and Historical Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jead15xcBQC&pg=PA119|year=1998|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11077-1|page=119}}</ref> The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler presiding in that building, particularly by the time of the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-Second Dynasty]] and [[Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-third Dynasty]].{{citation needed|date=October 2010}}

The first dated appearance of the title "pharaoh" being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of [[Siamun]] (tenth century BCE) on a fragment from the [[Karnak]] Priestly Annals, a religious document. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of "Pharaoh [[Siamun]]".<ref>J-M. Kruchten, Les annales des pretres de Karnak (OLA 32), 1989, pp. 474–478.</ref> This new practice was continued under his successor, [[Psusennes II]], and the subsequent kings of the twenty-second dynasty. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenq, beloved of [[Amun]]", whom all Egyptologists concur was [[Shoshenq I]]—the founder of the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-second Dynasty]]—including [[Alan Gardiner]] in his original 1933 publication of this stela.<ref>Alan Gardiner, "The Dakhleh Stela", ''[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology]]'', Vol. 19, No. 1/2 (May, 1933) pp. 193–200.</ref> Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the traditional custom of referring to the sovereign as, ''pr-ˤ3'', continued in official Egyptian narratives.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}}

The title is reconstructed to have been pronounced {{IPA|*[parʕoʔ]}} in the [[Late Egyptian language]], from which the Greek historian [[Herodotus]] derived the name of one of the Egyptian kings, {{langx|grc-x-koine|Φερων}}.<ref>Herodotus, Histories 2.111.1. See {{cite book | publisher=Brill| year=1972 |title=Diodorus Siculus, Book 1: A Commentary |author=Anne Burton}}, commenting on ch. 59.1.</ref> In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the title also occurs as {{langx|he|פרעה}} {{IPA|[parʕoːh]}};<ref name="Pharaoh פרעה">[http://arilipinski.com/pesach-haggadah-abravanel-comment-explained-by-ari-lipinski/ Elazar Ari Lipinski: "Pesach – A holiday of questions. About the Haggadah-Commentary Zevach Pesach of Rabbi Isaak Abarbanel (1437–1508).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024754/http://arilipinski.com/pesach-haggadah-abravanel-comment-explained-by-ari-lipinski/ |date=2017-03-16 }} Explaining the meaning of the name Pharaoh." Published first in German in the official quarterly of the Organization of the Jewish Communities of Bavaria: ''Jüdisches Leben in Bayern. Mitteilungsblatt des Landesverbandes der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden in Bayern.'' Pessach-Ausgabe Nr. 109, 2009, {{ZDB|2077457-6}}, S. 3–4.</ref> from that, in the [[Septuagint]], {{langx|grc-x-koine|φαραώ|pharaō}}, and then in [[Late Latin]] ''pharaō'', both ''-n'' stem nouns. The [[Qur'an]] likewise spells it {{langx|ar|فرعون}} ''firʿawn'' with ''n'' (here, always referring to the one evil king in the [[Book of Exodus]] story, by contrast to the good king in [[Yusuf (surah)|surah Yusuf]]'s story). The Arabic combines the original [[ayin]] from Egyptian along with the ''-n'' ending from Greek.

In English, the term was at first spelled "Pharao", but the translators for the [[King James Version|King James Bible]] revived "Pharaoh" with "h" from the Hebrew. Meanwhile, in Egypt, {{IPA|*[par-ʕoʔ]}} evolved into [[Coptic language|Sahidic Coptic]] {{coptic|ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ}} ''pərro'' and then ''ərro'' by [[rebracketing]] ''p-'' as the [[definite article]] "the" (from ancient Egyptian ''[[wikt:pꜣ|pꜣ]]'').<ref>Walter C. Till: "Koptische Grammatik". ''[[VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie]]'', Leipzig, 1961. p.&nbsp;62.</ref>

Other notable epithets are ''[[wikt:nswt|nswt]]'', translated to "king"; '''''[[wiktionary:ḥm#Egyptian|ḥm]]''''', "Majesty"; ''[[wikt:jty|jty]]'' for "monarch or sovereign"; ''[[wikt:nb|nb]]'' for "lord";<ref name="Denise M. Doxey"/>{{refn|group="note"|nb.f means "his lord", the monarchs were introduced with (.f) for his, (.k) for your.<ref name="Denise M. Doxey"/>}} and ''[[wikt:ḥqꜣ|ḥqꜣ]]'' for "ruler".