Editing Penicillium (section)

==Taxonomy==
The genus was first described in the scientific literature by [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link]] in his 1809 work {{lang|la|Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales}}; he wrote, {{lang|la|"Penicillium. Thallus e floccis caespitosis septatis simplicibus aut ramosis fertilibus erectis apice penicillatis"}}, ({{Translation|Penicillium. The thallus consists of grassy tufts septated with simple or erect fertile branches with a brush tip}}) where {{lang|la|penicillatis}} means "having tufts of fine hair".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Visagie CM, Houbraken J, Frisvad JC, Hong SB, Klaassen CH, Perrone G, Seifert KA, Varga J, Yaguchi T, Samson RA | title = Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium | journal = Studies in Mycology | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 343–371 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 25505353 | pmc = 4261876 | doi = 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Link JH |url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN608227714_0003?tify=%7B%22pages%22:%5B31%5D%7D |title=Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der gesammten Naturkunde |date=1809 |publisher=Realschulbuchhandlung |edition= |volume=3 |pages=3–42 |language=la}}</ref> Link included three species—''[[Penicillium candidum|P.&nbsp;candidum]]'', ''[[Penicillium expansum|P.&nbsp;expansum]]'', and ''[[Penicillium glaucum|P.&nbsp;glaucum]]''—all of which produced a brush-like [[conidiophore]] (asexual spore-producing structure). The common apple rot fungus ''P.&nbsp;expansum'' was later selected as the [[type species]].<ref>{{Cite conference |book-title=Advances in penicillium and aspergillus systematics |editor1-first=Robert A. |editor1-last=Samson |editor2-first=John I. |editor2-last=Pitt |conference=First International Penicillium and Aspergillus NATO Workshop |location=Trippenhuis of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences and Letters |url=http://archive.org/details/advancesinpenici0000inte |url-access=registration |title=Advances in penicillium and aspergillus systematics |date=July 1985 |publisher=Plenum Press |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-306-42222-5}}</ref>{{full citation needed|reason=article author not given|date=September 2024}}

In his 1979 [[monograph]], John I. Pitt divided ''Penicillium'' into four [[subgenera]] based on conidiophore [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and branching pattern: ''Aspergilloides'', ''Biverticillium'', ''Furcatum'', and ''Penicillium''.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Pitt JI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W38yAAAAIAAJ |title=The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces |date=1979 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-557750-2 |language=en}}</ref> Species included in subgenus ''Biverticillium'' were later merged into ''[[Talaromyces]]''.

For a current outline of ''Penicillum'' and related genera, consult Houbracken ''et al.'' (2020). This outline is based on molecular phylogenetic data and reflects the "one fungus, one name" change.<ref name=Houbraken2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Houbraken J, Kocsubé S, Visagie CM, Yulmaz N, Wang XC, Meijer M, Kraak B, Hubka V, Bensch K, Samson RA, Frisvad JC |title=Classification of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', ''Talaromyces'' and related genera (''Eurotiales''): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species |journal=Studies in Mycology |year=2020 |volume=95 |pages=5–169 |doi= 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.05.002|doi-access=free |pmid=32855739 |pmc=7426331 }}</ref>

=== Species ===
{{Main|List of Penicillium species}}
[[File:Ascomycetes.jpg|thumb|right|Various fungi including ''Penicillium'' and ''Aspergillus'' species growing in [[axenic culture]]]]
[[File:Penicilliummandarijntjes.jpg|thumb|right|Some penicillium mold on [[mandarin orange]]s, probably ''Penicillium digitatum''.]]

Selected species include:
* ''[[Penicillium albocoremium]]''
* ''[[Penicillium aurantiogriseum]]'', a grain contaminant
* ''[[Penicillium bilaiae]]'', an agricultural inoculant
* ''[[Penicillium camemberti]]'', used in the production of [[Camembert (cheese)|Camembert]], [[Brie cheese|Brie]] and [[Cambozola]] cheeses
* ''[[Penicillium candidum]]'', which is used in making Brie and Camembert. It has been reduced to synonymy with ''Penicillium camemberti''
* ''[[Penicillium chrysogenum]]'' (previously known as ''[[Penicillium notatum]]''), which produces the antibiotic [[penicillin]]
* ''[[Penicillium claviforme]]''
* ''[[Penicillium commune]]''
* ''[[Penicillium crustosum]]''
* ''[[Penicillium digitatum]]'', a ''Citrus'' pathogen
* ''[[Penicillium echinulatum]]'' produces [[Mycophenolic acid]]
* ''[[Penicillium expansum]]'', a pathogen of apples and other fruit, produces [[patulin]]
* ''[[Penicillium glabrum]]''
* ''[[Penicillium glaucum]]'', a [[Mold (fungus)|mold]] that is used in the making of some types of [[blue cheese]], including [[Bleu de Gex]], [[Rochebaron]], and some varieties of [[Bleu d'Auvergne]] and [[Gorgonzola cheese|Gorgonzola]].
* ''[[Penicillium imranianum]]''
* ''[[Penicillium italicum]]'', a ''Citrus'' pathogen
* ''[[Penicillium lacussarmientei]]''
* ''[[Penicillium lusitanum]]'', isolated from marine habitat
* ''[[Penicillium purpurogenum]]''
* ''[[Penicillium roqueforti]]'', used in making [[Roquefort cheese|Roquefort]], [[Danish Blue cheese]], English Blue [[Stilton cheese]], [[Gorgonzola cheese]], and [[Cambozola]] 
* ''[[Penicillium stoloniferum]]''
* ''[[Penicillium ulaiense]]'', a ''Citrus'' pathogen in Asia
* ''[[Penicillium verrucosum]]'', a grain contaminant which produces [[ochratoxin A]]
* ''[[Penicillium viridicatum]]''

=== Etymology ===
The genus name is derived from the [[Latin]] root ''penicillum'', meaning "painter's brush", and refers to the chains of conidia that resemble a broom.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Haubrich WS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXmlIwkQBLAC&pg=PA175 |title=Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins |date=2003 |publisher=ACP Press |isbn=978-1-930513-49-5 |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref>