Editing Penguin (section)

==Etymology==
[[File:Great Auk (Pinguinis impennis) specimen, Kelvingrove, Glasgow - geograph.org.uk - 1108249.jpg|thumb|225x225px|The name penguin was first used in the late 16th century for the Great Auk (pictured here) and was later applied to Southern Hemisphere birds due to their resemblance, though they are not closely related.<ref name="Gaskell">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsUzeXV_7jcC&q=egg+%22Great+Auk%22&pg=PA152|title = Who Killed the Great Auk?|first = Jeremy|last = Gaskell|publisher = Oxford University Press (USA)|isbn = 0-19-856478-3|year = 2000|page = 152|access-date = November 18, 2020|archive-date = October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018043926/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsUzeXV_7jcC&q=egg+%22Great+Auk%22&pg=PA152|url-status = live}}</ref>|left]]

The word ''penguin'' first appears in literature at the end of the 16th century as a synonym for the [[great auk]].<ref name="Fuller">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Errol |author1-link=Errol Fuller |title=The Great Auk: The Extinction of the Original Penguin |date=2003 |publisher=Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-59373-003-1 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35rGM50pAoAC |language=en}}</ref> When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their [[Convergent evolution|similar appearance]] to the great auk of the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and named them after this bird, although they are not closely related.<ref name="Crofford10"/>

The etymology of the word ''penguin'' is still debated. The English word is not apparently of [[French language|French]],<ref name="CNRTL">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/pingouin |title=PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN |publisher=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |access-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026163135/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/Pingouin |archive-date=October 26, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Breton language|Breton]]<ref name="Online Etymology Dictionary">{{OEtymD|penguin}}</ref> or [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref name="DRAE">
{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Diccionario de la lengua española |title=Pingüino |url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=ping%C3%BCino |language=es-ES |edition=22nd |publisher=Real Academia Española |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609035102/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=ping%C3%BCino |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |quote=Del fr. pingouin}}</ref> origin (the latter two are attributed to the French word {{lang|fr|pingouin}}), but first appears in English or Dutch.<ref name="CNRTL" />

Some dictionaries suggest a derivation from [[Welsh language|Welsh]] {{lang|cy|pen}}, 'head' and {{lang|cy|gwyn}}, 'white',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=penguin |title=penguin |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=April 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604130140/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=penguin |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> including the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'',<ref name="AHD">{{cite web |url=http://www.wordnik.com/words/penguin/etymology |title=penguin |work=Wordnik |access-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905215701/http://www.wordnik.com/words/penguin |archive-date=September 5, 2011 }}</ref> the ''[[Century Dictionary]]''<ref name="AHD"/> and ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'',<ref name="MW">{{cite dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/penguin |title=Penguin – Definition |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]] |date=August 31, 2012 |access-date=September 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185420/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/penguin |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, either because it was found on [[White Head Island]] ({{langx|cy|Pen Gwyn}}) in Newfoundland, or because it had white circles around its eyes (though the head was black). However, the Welsh word {{lang|cy|pen}} can also be used to mean 'front' and, in a maritime context, {{lang|cy|pen blaen}} means 'front end or part, bow (of a ship), prow'.<ref>[https://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru]. Retrieved November 22, 2024.</ref>
 
An alternative etymology links the word to [[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|la|pinguis}}, which means 'fat' or 'oil'.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Tui De Roy |author2=Mark Jones |author3=Julie Cornthwaite |title=Penguins:The Ultimate Guide |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |page=151 }}</ref> Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin, {{lang|de|fettgans}} or 'fat-goose', and the related Dutch word {{lang|nl|vetgans}}.

Adult male penguins are sometimes called ''cocks'', females sometimes called ''hens''; a group of penguins on land is a ''waddle'', and a group of penguins in the water is a ''raft''.

=== Pinguinus ===
{{Main|Great auk}}
Since 1871, the Latin word ''Pinguinus'' has been used in [[Taxonomy (biology)|scientific classification]] to name the genus of the [[great auk]] (''Pinguinus impennis'', meaning "plump or fat without [[flight feather]]s"),<ref name="Gaskell">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsUzeXV_7jcC&q=egg+%22Great+Auk%22&pg=PA152|title = Who Killed the Great Auk?|first = Jeremy|last = Gaskell|publisher = Oxford University Press (USA)|isbn = 0-19-856478-3|year = 2000|page = 152|access-date = November 18, 2020|archive-date = October 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018043926/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsUzeXV_7jcC&q=egg+%22Great+Auk%22&pg=PA152|url-status = live}}</ref> which became [[bird extinction|extinct]] in the mid-19th century.<ref name="Fuller"/> As confirmed by a 2004 genetic study, the genus ''Pinguinus'' belongs in the family of the [[auk]]s (Alcidae), within the order of the [[Charadriiformes]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-4-28| year = 2004| title = A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny| last1 = Thomas | first1 = G. H. | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology| volume = 4| pages = 28| last2 = Wills | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Székely | first3 = T. S. | pmid=15329156 | pmc=515296| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Johnsgard">{{cite book |last=Johnsgard |first=Paul A. |author-link=Paul Johnsgard |title=Diving Birds of North America |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |year=1987 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/divingbirdsofnor0000john/page/265 265–266] |isbn=0-8032-2566-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/divingbirdsofnor0000john/page/265 |access-date=May 11, 2010 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

The birds currently known as penguins were discovered later and were so named by sailors because of their physical resemblance to the great auk. Despite this resemblance, however, they are not auks, and are not closely related to the great auk.<ref name="Crofford10"/><ref name="Gaskell" /> They do not belong in the genus ''Pinguinus'', and are not classified in the same family and order as the great auk. They were classified in 1831 by [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] in several distinct genera within the family [[Spheniscidae]] and order [[Sphenisciformes]].