Editing Peking University (section)

== History ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:京师学堂.png|thumb|230x230px|left|The plaque of the Imperial University of Peking.]]
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=== Establishment ===
Following China's defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]], intellectuals – including [[Kang Youwei]], [[Liang Qichao]], and [[Yan Fu]] – called for reforms to the country's education system. In June 1896, Minister Li Duanfen proposed to create a university in the capital. On 11 June 1898, the [[Guangxu Emperor]], as part of the [[Hundred Days' Reform]], authorised the creation of the Imperial University of Peking<ref name="pu_earlyyears">{{cite web |author=Peking University |title=From Imperial University of Peking to Peking University in the Early Years of Republic of China |url=http://english.pku.edu.cn/intro_PKUhistory.shtml |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116230814/http://english.pku.edu.cn/intro_PKUhistory.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{zh|t=京師大學堂|order=ts|p=Jīngshī Dàxuétáng|l=Capital Grand Study Hall}}).<ref name="pu_beginning"/> The Imperial University was formally established on 3 July 1898 when the emperor approved the [[royal charter]] written by Liang. Minister [[Sun Jianai]] was charged with the implementation. IUP served as the country's foremost institute for higher learning, but also as its highest educational authority.<ref name="pu_earlyyears"/> [[William Alexander Parsons Martin]] was appointed as the first president.<ref name="pu_beginning"/> Most of the reforms were abolished when the conservative [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] seized power on 21 September. The university survived with altered objectives and reduced scope. It opened on 31 December with 160 students, instead of the planned 500.<ref name="pu_earlyyears"/>

Following the [[Xinhai Revolution]], the Imperial University of Peking was renamed "Government University of Peking" in 1912 and then "National University of Peking" in 1919<ref name="pu_beginning">{{Cite web|url=http://english.pku.edu.cn/News_Events/News/Campus/8184.htm|title=[Anniversary Special] "In the beginning was the word"|date=2 May 2011|website=Peking University|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113111931/http://english.pku.edu.cn/News_Events/News/Campus/8184.htm|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{zh|t=國立北京大學|s=国立北京大学|p=Guólì Běijīng Dàxué}}).

=== Early Republic of China period (1916–1927) ===
The noted scholar [[Cai Yuanpei]] was appointed president on 4 January 1917, and helped transform Peking University into the country's largest institution of higher learning, with 14 departments and an enrollment of more than 2,000 students.{{cn|date=October 2024}} President Cai, inspired by the German model of academic freedom, introduced faculty governance and democratic management to the university.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Cai recruited an intellectually diverse faculty that included some of the most prominent figures in the progressive [[New Culture Movement]], including [[Hu Shih]], [[Liu Bannong]], [[Ma Yinchu]], [[Li Dazhao]], [[Chen Duxiu]], [[Lu Xun]] and [[Liang Shuming]]. Meanwhile, leading conservatives [[Gu Hongming]] and [[Huang Kan]] also taught at the university.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A companion to Asian art and architecture|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|others=Brown, Rebecca M., Hutton, Deborah S.|isbn=9781444396355|location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|oclc=767516261}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024}} A firm supporter for freedom of thought, Cai advocated for educational independence and resigned several times protesting the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|government]]'s policy and interference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldman |first=René |date= 1961|title=Peking University Today |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/peking-university-today/39A04A5687B647A1AB97BA55C6AC5031 |journal=The China Quarterly |language=en |volume=7 |pages=101–111 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000025054 |issn=1468-2648}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Peking University Institue for Chinese Classics.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The faculty of Peking University Institute for Chinese Classics in 1924]]
[[File:Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_(May_4,_1919).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Peking University students protesting the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in the [[May Fourth Movement]].]]On 1 May 1919, some students of Peking University learned that the Treaty of Versailles would allow Japan to receive Germany's colonising rights in Shandong province. An assembly at Peking University that included these students and representatives from other universities in Beijing was quickly organised. On 4 May, students from thirteen universities marched to [[Tiananmen]] to protest the terms of [[Treaty of Versailles]], demanded the [[Beiyang government]] to refuse to sign the treaty. Demonstrators also demanded the immediate resignation of three officials: [[Cao Rulin]], Minister of the [[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan)|Ministry of Transportation]], Zhang Zongxiang, China's Ambassador to Japan and Lu Zongyu, Minister of Currency, who they believed were in cooperation with Japanese. The protest ended up with some protesters being beaten and arrested, and Cao Rulin's house burned by protesters. Following the protest on 4 May, students, workers and merchants from nearly all China's major cities went on strike and boycotted Japanese goods in China. The [[Beiyang government]] eventually agreed to release the arrested students and fired the three officials under intense public pressure, China's representatives in Paris refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://worldpolicy.org/world-policy-journal-summer-2005/|title=World Policy Journal – Summer 2005 – World Policy|work=World Policy|access-date=11 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030616/https://worldpolicy.org/world-policy-journal-summer-2005/|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024}}[[File:PekingUniversityPic6.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Peking University's West Gate, one of the symbols of the university campus]]During the [[Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius]] campaign of 1973 to 1976, critique groups formed at Peking University and [[Tsinghua University]] disseminated commentaries under the pseudonym of "Liang Xiao."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Youwei |title=Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964–1988 |last2=Wang |first2=Y. Yvon |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |year=2022 |isbn=9783030996871 |pages=238}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2024}} The pseudonym sounds like a person's name but is a [[homophone]] for "two schools."<ref name=":22" />{{Failed verification|date=October 2024}}

=== World War Two (1938-1946) ===
During the Second World War, Peking University staff joined [[Tsinghua University]] and [[Nankai University]] staff in establishing the [[National Southwestern Associated University]]. Based in Kunming, Yunnan, this institution saw a period of high productivity that would shape the course of Chinese intellectual history and its reconstruction post-war.

=== 21st century (2000–present) ===
In October 2015, Peking University alumnus and Professor [[Tu Youyou]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for her discovery of [[artemisinin]]. Having saved millions of lives, artemisinin has made significant contributions to global health in regard to the fight against [[malaria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Xin-zhuan |last2=Miller |first2=Louis H. |title=The discovery of artemisinin and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |journal=Science China Life Sciences|year=2015|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1175–1179|publisher=US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health|doi=10.1007/s11427-015-4948-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=26481135|pmc=4966551}}</ref>

On 20 February 2017, the university officially signed a contract with the [[Open University|The Open University]] to establish the Oxford Campus of Peking University HSBC Business School, Peking University Oxford Center and Shenzhen Oxford Innovation Center.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2017 |title=PHBS opening a campus in UK: a turning point for China's higher education |publisher=Peking University HSBC Business School |website=PKU News |url=http://newsen.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/global/5382.htm |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113004918/http://newsen.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/global/5382.htm |archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>

On 29 June 2020, the Sino-Russian Mathematics Center was established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese, Russian universities hold virtual meeting on coopereation |url=http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/03/c_1310350082.htm |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Xinhua |date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926034342/http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/03/c_1310350082.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sino-Russian Mathematics Center is led by Peking University and [[Moscow State University]], and jointly constructed by relevant domestic units and other Russian universities and research institutes such as [[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg University]], relying on the "Double First-class" construction alliance in mathematics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=中俄数学中心 |url=https://www.srmc.pku.edu.cn/xzyj/kylt/index.htm |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=srmc.pku.edu.cn |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926034343/https://www.srmc.pku.edu.cn/xzyj/kylt/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 April 2021, Peking University Nanchang Innovation Research Institute was inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=北京大学南昌创新研究院揭牌 刘强邱水平共同揭牌 万广明主持仪式 |url=https://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/03/WS6067fde0a3101e7ce974770c.html |date=3 April 2021 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=cnews.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926034342/https://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/03/WS6067fde0a3101e7ce974770c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 July 2021, Peking University School of Integrated Circuits{{nbs}}was inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2021 |title=Peking University joins country's wave to create new semiconductor schools |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3141404/peking-university-joins-chinas-semiconductor-push-new-school |url-access=subscription |author1=Che Pan |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926034341/https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3141404/peking-university-joins-chinas-semiconductor-push-new-school |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 September 2021, the new [[Changping District|Changping]] campus of Peking University was officially opened, welcoming the first batch of teachers and students. On 30 September, Peking University Lanyuan Centre was officially launched.<ref>{{Citation |title=Lanyuan Centre {{!}} Empowering Women through Educatio |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RiPXFcVMSM |website=YouTube |author=Peking University |date=29 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926044700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RiPXFcVMSM&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The first dean of Lanyuan Centre is Ke Yang, Professor of Peking University School of Clinical Oncology and a foreign academician of the American Academy of Medical Sciences. In October, Peking University officially announced the establishment of Peking University School of Computer Science,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://cs.pku.edu.cn/English/About_Us/Overview.htm |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=School of Computer Science Peking University |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926044704/https://cs.pku.edu.cn/English/About_Us/Overview.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> which means the computer major of Peking University was officially upgraded from a department to a school. Yang Fuqing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academia Related to both China and Software Engineering |url=http://taoxie.cs.illinois.edu/chinesese.htm |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Tao Xie's Homepage |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118041320/https://taoxie.cs.illinois.edu/chinesese.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]], served as the honorary president.

In 2022, Peking University and [[The Lancet|Lancet]] established a commission on healthy [[Aging of China|aging in China]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Bachulska |first1=Alicja |url=https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ |title=The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People |last2=Leonard |first2=Mark |last3=Oertel |first3=Janka |date=2 July 2024 |publisher=[[European Council on Foreign Relations]] |isbn=978-1-916682-42-9 |location=Berlin, Germany |pages= |format=EPUB |access-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717120845/https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ |archive-date=17 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|page=162}} The Commission's purpose is to re-focus the debate on aging not just on the risks of China's aging population but on opportunities by "unleashing the intellectual and vocational capacities of the older population and the whole of Chinese society."<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=162}}

In June 2022, the [[International University Sports Federation]] (FISU) released the first series of "Healthy Campus" list. Peking University, as the only Chinese university that has obtained platinum certification from the International University Sports Federation, participated in 4 projects and became the only representative from China among 130 projects worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title="Healthy" universities honoured by FISU |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1123710/fisu-healthy-campus-scheme-recognition |first1=Philip |last1=Barker |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=insidethegames.biz |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926110143/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1123710/fisu-healthy-campus-scheme-recognition |url-status=live }}</ref>