Editing Pediatrics (section)

==History==
[[File:Great Ormond Street Hospital.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Part of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]] in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.]]

The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the ''[[Hippocratic Corpus]]'', published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous ''Sacred Disease''. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians [[Celsus]], [[Soranus of Ephesus]], [[Aretaeus of Cappadocia|Aretaeus]], [[Galen]], and [[Oribasius]], also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Duffin|first=Jacalyn|title=History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2010}}</ref> Already [[Hippocrates]], [[Aristotle]], [[Celsus]], [[Soranus of Ephesus|Soranus]], and [[Galen]]<ref name="ColónColón1999">{{Cite book |last1=Colón |first1=A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8NsAAAAMAAJ |title=Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics |last2=Colón |first2=P. A. |date=January 1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-31080-5 |access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment: ''{{Lang|la|Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent}}'' ("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men").<ref>Celsus, ''De Medicina'', Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.</ref> Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in [[Ancient India]] where children's doctors were called ''kumara bhrtya''.<ref name="ColónColón1999" />

Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine. ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', an [[ayurveda|ayurvedic]] text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains the text about pediatrics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=John G. Raffensperger |title=Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History |publisher=McFarland |page=21}}</ref> Another ayurvedic text from this period is ''[[Kashyapa Samhita]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=David Levinson |title=Encyclopedia of modern Asia |last2=Karen Christensen |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |volume=4 |page=116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai, A.B. |title=Textbook Of Paediatrics |publisher=Orient blackswan |page=1}}</ref> A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist [[Soranus of Ephesus]] dealt with neonatal pediatrics.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2528358 | year=1995 | last1=Dunn | first1=P. M. | title=Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times | journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition | volume=73 | issue=1 | pages=F51–F52 | doi=10.1136/fn.73.1.f51 | pmid=7552600 }}</ref> Byzantine physicians [[Oribasius]], [[Aëtius of Amida]], [[Alexander Trallianus]], and [[Paulus Aegineta]] contributed to the field.<ref name="ColónColón1999" /> The Byzantines also built ''brephotrophia'' ([[Day care|crêche]]s).<ref name="ColónColón1999" /> [[Islamic Golden Age]] writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially [[Haly Abbas]], [[Yahya ibn Sarafyun|Yahya Serapion]], [[Abulcasis]], [[Avicenna]], and [[Averroes]]. The Persian philosopher and physician [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|al-Razi]] (865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled ''Diseases in Children''.<ref name="Elgood">{{Cite book |last=Elgood |first=Cyril |title=A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-108-01588-2 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=202–203 |quote=By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.}}</ref><ref>U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_06.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105081202/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_06.html|date=5 January 2018}}</ref> Also among the first books about pediatrics was ''Libellus [Opusculum] de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium'' 1472 ("Little Book on Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dhB2qVWw9SoC&pg=PA1 Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)]''". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. {{ISBN|81-250-0440-8}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In sequence came [[Bartholomäus Metlinger]]'s ''Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder'' 1473, [[Cornelius Roelans]] (1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and [[Heinrich von Louffenburg]] (1391–1460) ''Versehung des Leibs'' written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the ''Pediatric Incunabula'', four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.<ref name="ColónColón1999" />

While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|title=Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|date=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-02503-9|pages=23–24|language=en|doi=10.3998/mpub.17065|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|url-status=live}}</ref> It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children.<ref name=":4" /> The Swedish physician [[Nils Rosén von Rosenstein]] (1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty,<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite book |last1=Lock |first1=Stephen |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step |title=The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine |last2=John M. Last |last3=George Dunea |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=978-0-19-262950-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step/page/173 173] |quote=Rosen von Rosenstein. |access-date=9 July 2010 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpRK2R94igC&q=%22Nils+Von+Rosenstein%22&pg=PA215 |title=The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772 |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52707-1 |page=216 |access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> while his work ''The diseases of children, and their remedies'' (1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classics of Child Care |url=http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/child-care/ |last=Dallas |first=John |publisher=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727192812/http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/library/exhibitions/child-care/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Duffin|first=Jacalyn|url=|title=History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction|date=May 29, 2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=|oclc=}}</ref>

===Etymology===
The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by [[Abraham Jacobi]]. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra Minna|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|title=Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000|last2=Markel|first2=Howard|date=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-02503-9|pages=23–24|language=en|doi=10.3998/mpub.17065|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130164350/https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/dn39x232m|url-status=live}}</ref> Jacobi is known as the ''father of American pediatrics'' because of his many contributions to the field.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YRx5d6_K8C&pg=PA4 Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing]''". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. {{ISBN|0-7817-7706-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacobi Medical Center - General Information |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/jacobi/html/second_level/geninfo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418235455/http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/jacobi/html/second_level/geninfo.html |archive-date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2006-04-06}}</ref> He received his medical training in [[Germany]] and later practiced in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kutzsche |first=Stefan |date=2021-04-08 |title=Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15887 |journal=Acta Paediatrica |language=en |volume=110 |issue=8 |pages=2303–2305 |doi=10.1111/apa.15887 |issn=0803-5253 |pmid=33963612 |s2cid=233998658 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507191051/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apa.15887 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the ''Hôpital des Enfants Malades'' ({{langx|fr|Hospital for Sick Children}}), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.<ref name="Ballbriga">{{Cite book |last=Ballbriga |first=Angel |title=History of Paediatrics 1850–1950 |date=1991 |publisher=Raven Press |isbn=0-88167-695-0 |editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=Burford L. |series=Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series |volume=22 |location=New York |pages=6–8 |chapter=One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe) |display-editors=etal}}</ref> From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,<ref name="Paris19">{{Citation/make link|http://www.aphp.fr/site/histoire/1901_hopitaux_pediatriques.htm|official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris}}</ref> and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]], created in 1920 by merging with the nearby ''Necker Hospital'', founded in 1778.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hopital-necker.aphp.fr/introducing-necker-enfants-malades-hospital|website=Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades|title=Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital}}</ref>

In other European countries, the [[Charité]] (a hospital founded in 1710) in [[Berlin]] established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1834, and at [[Vienna]] and [[Breslau]] (now [[Wrocław]]), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital, [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street]] was founded by [[Charles West (physician)|Charles West]].<ref name="Ballbriga" /> The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=D.G. |date=August 1999 |title=The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery |url=http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=211–5 |pmid=10453141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221631/http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol44_4/4440019.htm |archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> In the US, the first similar institutions were the [[Children's Hospital of Philadelphia]], which opened in 1855, and then [[Boston Children's Hospital]] (1869).<ref name="Pearson">{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Howard A. |title=History of Paediatrics 1850–1950 |date=1991 |publisher=Raven Press |isbn=0-88167-695-0 |editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=Burford L. |series=Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series |volume=22 |location=New York |pages=55–63 |chapter=Pediatrics in the United States |display-editors=etal}}</ref> Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] by [[Edwards A. Park (doctor)|Edwards A. Park]].<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1969 |title=Commentaries: Edwards A Park |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=897–901 |doi=10.1542/peds.44.6.897 |pmid=4903838|s2cid=43298798 }}</ref>