Editing Paul Newman (section)

== Early life and family ==
Newman was born on January 26, 1925, in [[Cleveland Heights, Ohio]], and raised in nearby [[Shaker Heights]], the second son of Theresa Garth ([[married and maiden names|''née'']] Fetzer, Fetzko, or Fetsko; {{langx|sk|Terézia Fecková}};<ref>[[Eric Lax|Lax, Eric]] (1996). [https://archive.org/details/paulnewmanbiogra00laxe ''Paul Newman: A Biography'']. Atlanta: Turner Publishing; {{ISBN|1-57036-286-6}}.</ref><ref name="Morella">{{harvnb|Morella|Epstein|1988|}}</ref> 1894–1982) and Arthur Sigmund Newman Sr. (1893–1950), who ran a sporting goods store.<ref name="gen">{{cite web|date=2010|url=http://genealogy.com/famousfolks/paul-newman/index.html|title=Ancestry of Paul Newman|access-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927095315/http://genealogy.com/famousfolks/paul-newman/index.html|archive-date=September 27, 2010|agency=Genealogy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/15233061/Paul-Newman-A-Life-by-Shawn-Levy-Excerpt|title=Paul Newman: A Life|first=Shawn|last=Levy|author-link=Shawn Levy (writer)|format=excerpt|publisher=Scribd.com|date=November 5, 2009|access-date=February 1, 2012|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306020541/https://www.scribd.com/doc/15233061/Paul-Newman-A-Life-by-Shawn-Levy-Excerpt|url-status=live|ref={{harvid|Levy|2009a}}}}</ref>

His father was [[Jewish]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/was-paul-newmans-acting-career-limited-by-his-charm-and-good-looks-1927486.html|title=Was Paul Newman's acting career limited by his charm and good looks?|website=[[The Independent]]|date=March 26, 2010|access-date=February 10, 2018|archive-date=July 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722180315/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/was-paul-newmans-acting-career-limited-by-his-charm-and-good-looks-1927486.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Tugend|url=http://jewishjournal.com/uncategorized/66267/|title=Paul Newman – Hollywood's most famous half-Jew – dies at 83 [VIDEO]|work=[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles]]|date=September 28, 2008|access-date=May 17, 2018|archive-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924072241/https://jewishjournal.com/uncategorized/66267/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/paul-newman-actor-racing-driver-activist-and-philanthropist-28449059.html|title=Paul Newman: Actor, racing driver, activist and philanthropist|date=September 29, 2008|work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|access-date=May 27, 2018|archive-date=July 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722151712/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/paul-newman-actor-racing-driver-activist-and-philanthropist-28449059.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the son of Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian Jewish]] and [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jewish]] immigrants.{{sfn|Borden|2010|page=1}}

Newman's mother was a practitioner of [[Christian Science]]. She was born to a [[Roman Catholic]] family in [[Peticse]], [[Zemplén county]], in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (modern [[Ptičie]], Slovakia).<ref name="Morella" /><ref>"Paul Newman, A Big Gun at 73". ''[[The Buffalo News]]''. March 7, 1998; retrieved March 8, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.pticie.host.sk/english.htm Ptičie] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080317131910/http://www.pticie.host.sk/english.htm |date= March 17, 2008}}, Obecný úrad Ptičie, pticie.host.sk; accessed October 21, 2015. {{in lang|sk}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/27/cultura/1222521210.html "Fallece el actor Paul Newman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104145933/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/27/cultura/1222521210.html |date=November 4, 2008 }}, Elmundo.es, September 27, 2008. {{in lang|es}}</ref> Newman's mother worked in his father's store while raising Paul and his elder brother Arthur.<ref name="tiscali">[http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/paul_newman_biog.html Paul Newman biography] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071023063214/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/paul_newman_biog.html |date= October 23, 2007}}, Tiscali.co.uk.com; accessed October 21, 2015.</ref>

Newman showed an early interest in the theater; his first role was at the age of seven, playing the court jester in a school production of ''[[Robin Hood]]''. At age 10, Newman performed at the [[Cleveland Play House]] in a production of ''[[St. George and the Dragon|Saint George and the Dragon]]'', and acted in their Curtain Pullers children's theater program.<ref name="Cleveland Mem">{{cite web|title=Paul Newman at The Cleveland Play House Children's Theatre|url=http://images.ulib.csuohio.edu/cdm/ref/collection/press/id/5556|website=The Cleveland Memory Project|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=July 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718001518/http://images.ulib.csuohio.edu/cdm/ref/collection/press/id/5556|url-status=live}}</ref> Graduating from [[Shaker Heights High School]] in 1943, he briefly attended [[Ohio University]] in [[Athens, Ohio]], where he was initiated into the [[Phi Kappa Tau]] fraternity.<ref name="tiscali" />

=== Navy service ===
[[File:U.S. Navy portrait of Paul Newman.jpg|thumb|left|170px|United States Navy photograph of Newman]]
Newman served in the [[United States Navy]] in [[World War II]], in the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific theater]].<ref name="tiscali" /> He enrolled in the Navy [[V-12 Navy College Training Program|V-12]] pilot training program at [[Yale University]], but was dropped when his [[colorblindness]] was diagnosed.<ref name="tiscali" /><ref name="navy">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/newman_p.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125005231/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/newman_p.htm|archive-date=November 25, 2014|title=Biographies in Naval History: Paul Newman|website=United States Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command}}</ref> He later recounted that it was "a bit more complicated" than colorblindness. He also "couldn't do the mathematical things that being a pilot requires". A subsequent test found that he was not colorblind.{{Sfn|Newman|2022|p=37}} Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and rear gunner. He performed poorly as a gunner, and a friend from the service recounted in Newman's posthumous memoir that his friends lied to Navy trainers so he could pass.{{Sfn|Newman|2022|pp=40-41}}

Qualifying in [[torpedo bomber]]s in 1944, [[Radioman|Aviation Radioman Third Class]] Newman was sent to [[Barbers Point, Hawaii]]. He was assigned to Pacific-based replacement torpedo squadrons VT-98, VT-99, and VT-100, responsible primarily for training replacement combat pilots and aircrewmen, with special emphasis on carrier landings.<ref name="navy" /> He later flew as a turret gunner in an [[Grumman TBF Avenger|Avenger]] torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the aircraft carrier {{USS|Bunker Hill|CV-17|2}} with other replacements shortly before the [[Battle of Okinawa]] in spring 1945. The pilot of his aircraft had an earache and was grounded, as was his crew, including Newman. The rest of their squadron flew to the ''Bunker Hill''. Days later, a [[kamikaze]] attack on the vessel killed several hundred crewmen and airmen, including other members of his unit.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Max Hastings|last=Hastings|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJjkIWfuGCkC|title=Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944-45|isbn=978-0-307-27536-3|year=2009|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing|access-date=December 10, 2016|archive-date=February 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220085727/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJjkIWfuGCkC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Honoring Those Who Serve|url=http://newmansownfoundation.org/military|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-date=July 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729023228/http://newmansownfoundation.org/military|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2011 interview, screenwriter [[Stewart Stern]] recounted that Newman drew on an incident from his Navy years as an "emotional trigger to express the character's trauma" when acting in the 1956 film [[The Rack (1956 film)|''The Rack'']]. He said that Newman thought back to an incident in which his best friend was sliced to pieces on an aircraft carrier by a plane's propeller.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shannon|first=Jeff|date=May 27, 2011|title=On "The Rack" with Paul Newman and Stewart Stern {{!}} TV/Streaming {{!}} Roger Ebert|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/streaming/on-the-rack-with-paul-newman-and-stewart-stern|access-date=February 14, 2023|website=RogerEbert.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
After the war, Newman completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[drama]] and [[economics]] at [[Kenyon College]] in [[Gambier, Ohio]], in 1949.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 2, 2007|title=Newman gives $10M to Ohio alma mater|work=[[USA Today]]|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/2007-06-02-1290486787_x.htm|url-status=live|access-date=September 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313015824/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/2007-06-02-1290486787_x.htm|archive-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after earning his degree, he joined summer stock companies, including the [[Belfry Players]] in [[Wisconsin]]<ref>Franzene, Jessica, "Theologians & Thespians", in Welcome Home, a realtors' guide to property history in the Lake Geneva region, August 2012</ref> and the Woodstock Players in Woodstock, [[Illinois]]. He toured with them for three months and developed his talents.<ref name="tiscali" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Borden|first1=Marian Edelman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfgbEC0LrFMC&pg=PA11|title=Paul Newman: A Biography|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38310-6|page=11|access-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417190305/https://books.google.com/books?id=AfgbEC0LrFMC&pg=PA11|archive-date=April 17, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> He later attended the [[Yale School of Drama]] for one year before moving to New York City to study under [[Lee Strasberg]] at the [[Actors Studio]].<ref name="tiscali" /> [[Oscar Levant]] wrote that Newman initially was hesitant to leave New York for Hollywood, and that Newman had said, "Too close to the cake. Also, no place to study."<ref>[[Oscar Levant|Levant, Oscar]] (1969). ''[[The Unimportance of Being Oscar]]''. Pocket Books. p. 56; {{ISBN|0-671-77104-3}}.</ref> Newman arrived in New York City in 1951 with his first wife Jackie Witte, taking up residence in the [[St. George, Staten Island|St. George]] section of [[Staten Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/actor_paul_newmans_dramatic_ro.html|title=Actor Paul Newman's dramatic roots were sprouted on Staten Island|website=SILive.com|publisher=[[Staten Island Advance]]|access-date=September 2, 2015|date=September 27, 2008|archive-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303035132/http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/actor_paul_newmans_dramatic_ro.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/NEIGHBORHOODS/cynthiatour/st.george.html|title=Forgotten-NY Neighborhoods: St. George: Staten Island's Wonderland|access-date=July 13, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213101046/http://forgotten-ny.com/NEIGHBORHOODS/cynthiatour/st.george.html|archive-date=February 13, 2009}}</ref>