Editing Paul Broca (section)

==Biography==
Paul Broca was born on 28 June 1824 in [[Sainte-Foy-la-Grande]], [[Gironde]], [[France]], the son of Jean Pierre "Benjamin" Broca, a medical practitioner and former surgeon in [[Napoleon]]'s service, and Annette Thomas, well-educated daughter of a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]], Reformed Protestant, preacher.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schiller, 1979|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Michael J. |chapter=Broca, Pierre Paul (1824–1880) |title=Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology |date=2011 |pages=453–457 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_604|isbn=978-0-387-79947-6 }}</ref> [[Huguenots|Huguenot]] Broca received basic education in the school in his hometown, earning a bachelor's degree at the age of 16. He entered medical school in Paris when he was 17, and graduated at 20, when most of his contemporaries were just beginning as medical students.<ref name="memoir">{{cite journal|title=Memoir of Paul Broca|journal= The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=10|year=1881|pages=242–261|jstor=2841526}}</ref>

After graduating, Broca undertook an extensive internship, first with the [[urology|urologist]] and [[dermatology|dermatologist]] [[Philippe Ricord]] (1800–1889) at the Hôpital du Midi, then in 1844 with the psychiatrist [[François Leuret]] (1797–1851) at the [[Bicêtre Hospital]]. In 1845, he became an intern with [[Pierre Nicolas Gerdy]] (1797–1856), a great [[anatomist]] and surgeon. After two years with Gerdy, Broca became his assistant.<ref name="memoir"/> In 1848, Broca became the [[Prosector]], performing dissections for lectures of anatomy, at the [[University of Paris]] Medical School. In 1849, he was awarded a medical doctorate. In 1853, Broca became professor [[agrégé]], and was appointed surgeon of the hospital. He was elected to the chair of external [[pathology]] at the Faculty of Medicine in 1867, and one year later professor of clinical surgery. In 1868, he was elected a member of the [[Académie Nationale de Médecine|Académie de medicine]], and appointed the Chair of clinical surgery. He served in this capacity until his death. He also worked for the [[Pierre and Marie Curie University|Hôpital St. Antoine]], the [[Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital|Pitié]], the Hôtel des Clinques, and the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital|Hôpital Necker]].<ref name="memoir" />

As a researcher, Broca joined the ''Société anatomique de Paris'' in 1847. During his first six years in the society, Broca was its most productive contributor.<ref name=":0">Schiller, 1979, pp. 91, 93.</ref> Two months after joining, he was on the society's journal editorial committee. He became its secretary and then vice president by 1851.<ref>Schiller, 1979, p. 91, 93</ref> Soon after its creation in 1848, Broca joined the ''Société de Biologie.''<ref>Schiller, 1979, p. 112.</ref> He also joined and in 1865 became the president of the ''Societe de Chirurgie (Surgery).''<ref>Ashok, Samantha S., "The History of Race in Anthropology: Paul Broca and the Question of Human Hybridity" (2017). Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 181.</ref><ref>Schiller, 1979, pp. 216, 219</ref>

In parallel with his medical career, Broca founded in 1848 a society of free-thinkers, sympathetic to [[Charles Darwin]]'s theories. He once remarked, "I would rather be a transformed ape than a degenerate son of Adam".<ref name="memoir" /><ref name="Sagan-1979">{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Sagan |year=1979 |title=[[Broca's Brain]] |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=1439505241 }}</ref> This brought him into conflict with the church, which regarded him as a subversive materialist and a corrupter of the youth. The church's animosity toward him continued throughout his lifetime, resulting in numerous confrontations between Broca and the ecclesiastical authorities.<ref name="memoir"/>

In 1857, feeling pressured by others and especially his mother, Broca married Adele Augustine Lugol. She came from a Protestant family and was the daughter of prominent physician [[Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol]]. The Brocas had three children: daughter Jeanne Francoise Pauline (1858–1935), son Benjamin Auguste (1859–1924), and son Élie André (1863–1925). One year later, Broca's mother died and his father, Benjamin, came to Paris to live with the family until his death in 1877.<ref>Schiller, 1979, pp. 125–127.</ref>

In 1858, Broca was elected as member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.leopoldina.org/de/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/2162/ |title = Mitglieder}}</ref> In 1859, he founded the [[Society of Anthropology of Paris]]. In 1872, he founded the journal Revue d'anthropologie, and in 1876, the Institute of Anthropology. The French Church opposed the development of anthropology, and in 1876 organized a campaign to stop the teaching of the subject in the Anthropological Institute.<ref name="science" /><ref name="memoir" /> In 1872, Broca was elected as a member to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1872;year-max=1872;smode=advanced;startDoc=1|access-date=30 April 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Near the end of his life, Broca was elected a [[senator for life (France)|senator for life]], a permanent position in the French senate. He was also a member of the [[Académie française]] and held honorary degrees from many learned institutions both in France and abroad.<ref name="memoir"/> He died of a brain hemorrhage on 9 July 1880, at the age of 56.<ref name="science" /> During his life he was an atheist and identified as a Liberal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/paulbroca.aspx|title=Paul Broca (1824–80)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=12 April 2012|quote=He was a left-wing atheist who argued against African enslavement.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004065725/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/paulbroca.aspx|archive-date=4 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> His wife died in 1914 when she was 79. Like their father, Auguste and Andre went on to study medicine. Auguste Broca became a professor of [[Pediatrics|pediatric]] surgery, now known for his contribution to the [[Bankart repair|Broca-Perthes-Blankart]] operation, while André became a professor of medical optics and is known for developing the [[Pellin–Broca prism|Pellin-Broca prism]].<ref name="memoir" />