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== History == {{Main|History of the Patriot Act}} The Patriot Act was enacted in direct response to the [[September 11 attacks]] on the United States, and the [[2001 anthrax attacks]], with the stated goal of dramatically strengthening [[national security]]. On October 23, 2001, [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] [[Jim Sensenbrenner]] (R-WI) introduced House bill H.R. 3162, which incorporated provisions from a previously-sponsored House bill, and a Senate bill introduced earlier in the month.<ref>"[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.107hr3162 Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001β2002)H.R.3162 Major Congressional Actions]", thomas.loc.gov Retrieved August 11, 2012.</ref> The next day, October 24, the Act passed the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] by a vote of 357β66,<ref>"[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/roll398.xml FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 398]", clerk.house.gov. October 24, 2001. Retrieved August 11, 2012.</ref> with Democrats comprising the overwhelming majority of "no"-votes. The three Republicans voting "no" were [[Robert Ney]] of [[Ohio]], [[Butch Otter]] of [[Idaho]], and [[Ron Paul]] of [[Texas]]. On October 25, the Act passed the [[United States Senate|Senate]] with a vote of 98β1. [[Russ Feingold]] (D-WI) voted "no".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2001 |title=Roll Call Vote 107th Congress - 1st Session |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1071/vote_107_1_00313.htm |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=[[United States Senate]]}}</ref> On October 26, then US President George Bush signed the Patriot Act into law.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 26, 2001 |title=The White House: President George W. Bush |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/10/images/20011026-5.html |access-date=January 25, 2016 |publisher=The White House}}</ref> Opponents of the law have criticized its provision for [[indefinite detention without trial|indefinite detention]] of immigrants; permission to law enforcement to search a home or business without the owner's or the occupant's consent or knowledge under certain circumstances; the expanded use of [[National Security Letters]], which allows the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) to search telephone, email, and financial records without a court order; and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records. Since its passage, several court challenges have been brought against the act, and federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Many of the act's provisions were [[Sunset provision|set to expire]] on December 31, 2005, approximately four years after its enactment. In the months preceding the sunset date, supporters of the act pushed to make those provisions permanent, while critics sought to revise various sections to enhance civil liberties protections. In July 2005, the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several of the act's sections, while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act's original language. The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee criticized by senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns.<ref>"[http://washingtontimes.com/news/2005/nov/17/20051117-111241-2085r/ Safe Act Co-Sponsors say PATRIOT Act Conference Report Unacceptable]", Washington Times, November 5, 2005.</ref> The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2, 2006, and was signed by President Bush on March 9 and 10 of that year. On May 11, 2012, President [[Barack Obama]] signed the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011, a four-year extension of three key provisions in the Act:<ref name="foxnews">{{cite web|title=Obama Signs Last-Minute Patriot Act Extension|publisher=[[Fox News]]|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-signs-last-minute-patriot-act-extension/|date=May 27, 2011|access-date=May 27, 2011}}</ref> [[roving wiretap]]s, [[Section 215|searches of business records]], and conducting surveillance of "lone wolves" (individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups).<ref name="Mascaro-2011">{{cite news|last=Mascaro|first=Lisa|title=Congress votes in time to extend key Patriot Act provisions|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-patriot-act-20110527,0,7749454.story|access-date=May 27, 2011|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 27, 2011}}</ref> After reauthorization bills failed to pass Congress, parts of the Patriot Act expired on June 1, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/31/411044789/live-blog-facing-midnight-deadline-the-senate-debates-parts-of-the-patriot-act|title = Parts Of Patriot Act Expire, Even As Senate Moves On Bill Limiting Surveillance}}</ref> The [[USA Freedom Act]], which became law on June 2, 2015, reenacted these expired sections through 2019.<ref name=usafreedomact>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/06/02/patriot-act-usa-freedom-act-senate-vote/28345747/|title=Senate approves USA Freedom Act|first=Erin|last=Kelly|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=June 2, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> However, Section 215 of the law was amended to disallow the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) to continue its mass phone data collection program.<ref name=usafreedomact /> Instead, phone companies will retain the data and the NSA can obtain information about targeted individuals with a federal [[search warrant]].<ref name=usafreedomact /> In November 2019, the renewal of the Patriot Act was included in the stop-gap government funding bill.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/155793/hell-democrats-just-extend-patriot-act |title = Why the Hell Did Democrats Just Extend the Patriot Act?|magazine = The New Republic|date = November 20, 2019|last1 = Adler-Bell|first1 = Sam}}</ref> The expired provisions required renewal by March 15, 2020.<ref name=surveillancerenewal /> The Senate passed a 77-day extension in March 2020, but the House of Representatives did not pass the legislation before departing for recess on March 27, 2020. Instead, the Patriot Act was split into two measures as a means of explaining to the public that the Patriot Act would no longer openly be in effect.<ref name=renewal /><ref name=stillrenewal /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/us/politics/house-fisa-bill.html|title=House Departs Without Vote to Extend Expired F.B.I. Spy Tools|date=March 27, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 12, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/04/yes-section-215-expired-now-what|title=Yes, Section 215 Expired. Now What?|last=Crocker|first=India McKinney and Andrew|date=April 16, 2020|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|language=en|access-date=April 25, 2020}}</ref>
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