Editing Paradise (section)

==Etymology and concept history==
[[File:Gardens of Ashurbanipal.jpg|thumb|upright=2|The luxurious palace and gardens of [[Neo-Assyrian]] king [[Ashurbanipal]] (ruled 668–631 BCE) at [[Nineveh]], with original color reconstitution. Irrigation canals radiate from an aqueduct. The king appears under the porch. [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wall panel; relief British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1856-0909-36_1 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/44903962095/in/album-72157701931445831/ British Museum notice] in 2018 temporary exhibit "[[Commons:Category:I am Ashurbanipal king of the world, king of Assyria|I am Ashurbanipal king of the world, king of Assyria]]"</ref>]]
[[File:Incense burner, sometimes called a "hill censer" because of its shape (Mountains of Paradise). Bronze. Eastern Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE. From China. Victoria and Albert Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Incense burner, sometimes called a "hill censer" because of its shape (Mountains of Paradise, Bo Mountain, a paradise inhabited by immortals and mythical animals). Eastern Han dynasty, 25–220 CE. From China. Victoria and Albert Museum]]
The word "paradise" entered English from the [[French language|French]] ''paradis'', inherited from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''paradisus'', from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''parádeisos'' (παράδεισος), from an [[Old Iranian]] form, from [[Proto-Iranian]]''*parādaiĵah-'' "walled enclosure", whence [[Old Persian]] 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎹𐎭𐎠𐎶 ''p-r-d-y-d-a-m /paridaidam/'', [[Avestan language|Avestan]] [[wiktionary:𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀|𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌⸱𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀]] ''pairi-daêza-''.<ref name="RSC">{{cite book |last1=Charnock |first1=Richard Stephen |title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names |year=1859 |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1OpF1IdcgQC&pg=PA201 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="etymonline.com">{{cite web |title=Paradise: Origin and meaning of paradise by Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/paradise |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> The literal meaning of this Eastern Old Iranian language word is "walled (enclosure)",<ref name="New Oxford"/> from ''pairi-'' 'around' (cognate with Greek [[wiktionary:περί|περί]] of identical meaning) and ''-diz'' "to make, form (a wall), build" (cognate with Greek [[wiktionary:τεῖχος|τεῖχος]] 'wall').<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=paradise |title= Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065930/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=paradise |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://dictionary.obspm.fr/index.php?showAll=1&&search=&&formSearchTextfield=form&&page=1 |title=An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics |access-date=15 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150115095513/http://dictionary.obspm.fr/index.php?showAll=1&&search=&&formSearchTextfield=form&&page=1 |archive-date=2015-01-15}}</ref> The word's etymology is ultimately derived from a [[PIE root]] ''*dheigʷ'' "to stick and set up (a wall)", and ''*per'' "around".<ref name="etymonline.com"/><ref name="New Oxford">''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 1151.</ref>
[[File:Jan Bruegel d. Ä. 003.jpg|thumb|''Paradise'' by [[Jan Bruegel]], circa 1620]]
By the 6th/5th century BCE, the Old Iranian word had been borrowed into [[Akkadian language|Assyrian]] ''pardesu'' "domain". It subsequently came to indicate the expansive [[Paradise garden|walled gardens]] of the [[First Persian Empire]], and was subsequently borrowed into Greek as παράδεισος ''parádeisos'' "park for animals" in the ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'' of the early 4th century BCE Athenian [[Xenophon]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] as ''pardaysa'' "royal park", and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as [[Pardes (Jewish exegesis)#Association with paradise|פַּרְדֵּס ''pardes'']], "orchard" (appearing thrice in the [[Tanakh]]; in the [[Song of Solomon]] ({{bibleverse|Song|of Songs 4:13}}), [[Ecclesiastes]] ({{bibleverse|Ecclesiastes|2:5}}) and [[Book of Nehemiah|Nehemiah]] ({{bibleverse|Nehemiah|2:8}})). In the [[Septuagint]] (3rd–1st centuries BCE), Greek παράδεισος ''parádeisos'' was used to translate both Hebrew פרדס ''pardes'' and Hebrew גן ''{{lang|he-Latn|gan}}'', "garden" (e.g. ({{bibleverse|Genesis|2:8}}, {{bibleverse|Ezekiel|28:13}}): it is from this usage that the use of "paradise" to refer to the [[Garden of Eden]] derives. The same usage also appears in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and in the [[Quran]] as ''[[firdaws]]'' فردوس.<ref name="RSC"/>

The idea of a walled enclosure was not preserved in most Iranian usage, and generally came to refer to a plantation or other cultivated area, not necessarily walled. For example, the Old Iranian word survives as ''Pardis'' in New Persian as well as its derivative ''pālīz'' (or "jālīz"), which denotes a vegetable patch.