Editing Paradigm (section)

==Etymology==
{{See also|Paradeigma}}
''Paradigm'' comes from Greek παράδειγμα (''paradeigma''); "pattern, example, sample";<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2Fdeigma παράδειγμα],
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> from the verb παραδείκνυμι (''paradeiknumi''); "exhibit, represent, expose";<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dparadei%2Fknumi παραδείκνυμι], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> and that from παρά (''para''); "beside, beyond";<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpara%2F παρά], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref> and δείκνυμι (''deiknumi''); "to show, to point out".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddei%2Fknumi δείκνυμι], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library</ref>

In classical (Greek-based) [[rhetoric]], a [[paradeigma]] aims to provide an audience with an illustration of a similar occurrence. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion; however, it is used to help guide them to get there.

One way of how a ''paradeigma'' is meant to guide an audience would be exemplified by the role of a personal accountant. It is not the job of a personal accountant to tell a client exactly what (and what not) to spend money on, but to aid in guiding a client as to how money should be spent based on the client's financial goals. [[Anaximenes of Lampsacus| Anaximenes]] defined ''paradeigma'' as "actions that have occurred previously and are similar to, or the opposite of, those which we are now discussing".<ref>{{cite book|last= Sampley|first= J. Paul|title= Paul in the Greco-Roman World: A Handbook|year=2003|publisher=Trinity Press International|isbn= 9781563382666|pages=228–229}}</ref>

The original Greek term ''παράδειγμα'' (''paradeigma'') was used by scribes in Greek texts (such as [[Plato]]'s dialogues [[Timaeus (dialogue) | ''Timaeus'']] [{{circa}} 360 BCE] and [[Parmenides (dialogue)| ''Parmenides'']]) as one possibility for the model or the pattern that the [[demiurge]] supposedly used to create the cosmos.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Zeyl|first1=Donald|title=Plato's Timaeus|date= 2019|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/plato-timaeus/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last= Zalta|editor-first= Edward N.|edition= Summer 2019|publisher= Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2021-03-10|last2=Sattler|first2=Barbara}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Waterlow |first1=Sarah |title=The Third Man's Contribution to Plato's Paradigmatism |journal=Mind |date=1982 |volume= 91 |issue=363 |pages=339–357 |doi=10.1093/mind/xci.363.339 |jstor=2253225 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/2253225 |access-date=10 March 2021 |quote=If Socrates in the Parmenides stands for the Republic, the attack on him is perhaps milder than it might have been. But at I32ci2-d4 he seems to speak for the Timaeus: 'In my opinion, Parmenides, the best view to take is this: these Forms we speak of are paradigms…'}}</ref> <!--- also see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pCbPAAAAMAAJ&q=paradigm Here's] its usage in 1931 in philosophy-->

The English-language term ''paradigm'' has technical meanings in the fields of [[grammar]] (as applied, for example, to [[declension]] and [[grammatical conjugation | conjugation]] – the 1900 ''[[Merriam-Webster]]'' dictionary defines the technical use of ''paradigm'' only in the context of grammar) and of [[rhetoric]] (as a term for an illustrative [[parable]] or [[fable]]). In [[linguistics]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] (1857–1913) used ''paradigm'' to refer to a class of elements with similarities (as opposed to [[syntagma (linguistics) | ''syntagma'']] – a class of elements expressing relationship.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Simenova
 |first1               = Ruska
 |title                = Grundzüge einer konstrastiven Phonetik Deutsch-Bulgarisch
 |year = 1988
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=no5hAAAAMAAJ
 |language             = de
 |location             = Sofia
 |publisher            = Nauka i Iskustwo
 |publication-date     = 1988
 |page                 = 212
 |access-date          = 28 September 2022
 |quote                = Unter Syntagma versteht de Saussure eine subordinierende Verbindung von zwei Elementen [...].
}} 
</ref>).

The Merriam-Webster Online dictionary defines one usage of ''paradigm'' as "a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated; ''broadly: a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind''."<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/paradigm paradigm – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

''[[The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy]]'' (2008) attributes the following description of the term in the [[history of science | history]] and [[philosophy of science]] to [[Thomas Kuhn]]'s 1962 work ''[[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]]'':
<blockquote>Kuhn suggests that certain scientific works, such as [[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica| Newton's Principia]] or John Dalton's New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), provide an open-ended resource: a framework of concepts, results, and procedures within which subsequent work is structured. Normal science proceeds within such a framework or paradigm. A paradigm does not impose a rigid or mechanical approach, but can be taken more or less creatively and flexibly.<ref>Blackburn, Simon, 1994, 2005, 2008, rev. 2nd ed. ''The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-283134-8}}. [http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199541430.do Description] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120329144244/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199541430.do |date=2012-03-29 }} & 1994 letter-preview [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=13885785 links.]</ref></blockquote>