Editing Palermo (section)

== Geography ==

Palermo lies in a basin, formed by the Papireto, Kemonia and Oreto rivers. The basin was named the ''Conca d'Oro'' (the Golden Basin) by the [[Arabs]] in the 9th century. The city is surrounded by a mountain range which is named after the city itself. These mountains face the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. Palermo is home to a [[natural port]] and offers views to the sea, especially from [[Monte Pellegrino]].

=== Climate ===

[[File:Il golfo di Mondello.jpg|thumbnail|left|Gulf of Mondello seen from Monte Pellegrino]]
Palermo experiences a hot-summer subtropical [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa'') with moderate seasonality. Summers are very long, hot and dry due to the domination of subtropical high pressure system, while winters are mild and changeable, with rainy weather due to the polar front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palermo.climatemps.com/ |title=Palermo, Sicily Climate Palermo, Sicily Temperatures Palermo, Sicily Weather Averages |website=www.palermo.climatemps.com |access-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320161835/http://www.palermo.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=20 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Temperatures in autumn and spring are typically warm. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of {{cvt|18|°C}}; it is one of the warmest cities in Italy. It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is a rare occurrence having snowed about a dozen times since 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoservice.net/dossier-neve-a-palermo-nel-1986-nevico-persino-a-natale/ |title=DOSSIER neve a Palermo! Nel 1986 nevicò persino a Natale! |date=3 January 2015 |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912002723/http://www.meteoservice.net/dossier-neve-a-palermo-nel-1986-nevico-persino-a-natale/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1940s to nowadays there have been at least five times when considerable snowfall has occurred. In 1949 and in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to {{cvt|0|°C}}, the city was blanketed by some centimetres of snow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.italyheritage.com/magazine/articles/history/1956-snow.htm |title=The snowfall of 1956 |website=www.italyheritage.com |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205010618/http://www.italyheritage.com/magazine/articles/history/1956-snow.htm |archive-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Snowfalls also occurred in 1981, 1986, 1999 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteolive.leonardo.it/news/In-primo-piano/2/tutte-le-nevicate-su-palermo-/364/ |title=Tutte le nevicate su PALERMO! |website=meteolive.leonardo.it |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024133/http://meteolive.leonardo.it/news/In-primo-piano/2/tutte-le-nevicate-su-palermo-/364/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Palermo was {{cvt|-2.5|°C|0}} in February 1967.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.regione.sicilia.it/sites/default/files/2021-11/annale_1967_parte1.pdf | title=Palermo -2.5C | accessdate=23 July 2024}}</ref> The average annual temperature of the sea is above {{cvt|19|°C|0}}; from {{cvt|14|°C|0}} in February to {{cvt|26|°C|0}} in August. In the period from November to May, the average sea temperature exceeds {{cvt|18|°C|0}} and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds {{cvt|21|°C|0}}.<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/sicily/palermo.php |title=Palermo Climate Guide |access-date=30 March 2012 |archive-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531053315/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/sicily/palermo.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = [[Palermo-Boccadifalco Airport]] on the outskirts of the city <small>(altitude: 117&nbsp;m, [https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Palermo-Boccadifalco_Airport&params=38_07_06_N_13_18_47_E_type:airport satellite view])</small>, 1971–2000 normals, Extremes 1943–present
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 27.2
| Feb record high C = 28.1
| Mar record high C = 34.6
| Apr record high C = 32.2
| May record high C = 39.1
| Jun record high C = 44.0
| Jul record high C = 43.6
| Aug record high C = 45.2
| Sep record high C = 41.2
| Oct record high C = 37.4
| Nov record high C = 30.3
| Dec record high C = 26.7

| Jan high C = 14.7
| Feb high C = 14.5
| Mar high C = 16.4
| Apr high C = 18.7
| May high C = 23.3
| Jun high C = 27.2
| Jul high C = 29.8
| Aug high C = 30.5
| Sep high C = 27.5
| Oct high C = 23.5
| Nov high C = 19.0
| Dec high C = 15.8
| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 11.8
| Feb mean C = 11.5
| Mar mean C = 13.0
| Apr mean C = 15.1
| May mean C = 19.3
| Jun mean C = 23.2
| Jul mean C = 25.7
| Aug mean C = 26.6
| Sep mean C = 23.8
| Oct mean C = 20.1
| Nov mean C = 15.9
| Dec mean C = 13.0
| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 8.9
| Feb low C = 8.5
| Mar low C = 9.6
| Apr low C = 11.4
| May low C = 15.3
| Jun low C = 19.2
| Jul low C = 21.7
| Aug low C = 22.7
| Sep low C = 20.1
| Oct low C = 16.7
| Nov low C = 12.9
| Dec low C = 10.2
| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -1.2
| Feb record low C = 0
| Mar record low C = -0.3
| Apr record low C = 4.6
| May record low C = 8.4
| Jun record low C = 11
| Jul record low C = 14.8
| Aug record low C = 13.1
| Sep record low C = 10.6
| Oct record low C = 7.2
| Nov record low C = 3.6
| Dec record low C = 0.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 97.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 109.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 78.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 65.1
| May precipitation mm = 36.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 17.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 6.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 31.8
| Sep precipitation mm = 65.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 105.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 117.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 123.7

| Jan precipitation days = 9.6
| Feb precipitation days = 9.6
| Mar precipitation days = 8.7
| Apr precipitation days = 8.6
| May precipitation days = 4.1
| Jun precipitation days = 1.9
| Jul precipitation days = 1.2
| Aug precipitation days = 2.4
| Sep precipitation days = 5.4
| Oct precipitation days = 8.2
| Nov precipitation days = 10.4
| Dec precipitation days = 12

| source 1 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(410)Palermo%20Boccadifalco.pdf |title=Palermo/Boccadifalco (PA) 117 m. – Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare, 1971–2000 |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215656/http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(410)Palermo%20Boccadifalco.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| date=April 2012
| source 2= Tu Tiempo<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tutiempo.net/clima/ws-164100.html |title=Palermo Boccadifalco: dati climatici |publisher=www.tutiempo.net |access-date= 15 May 2020 |archive-date= 9 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200609132008/https://www.tutiempo.net/clima/ws-164100.html |url-status= live}}</ref> Extreme temperatures.
}}

{{Weather box
| width        = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| open         =
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line  = y
| location     = Palermo-Valverde, elevation: {{cvt|21|m|disp=or}}, 1961–1990 normals, Extremes 1960–1990

| Jan high C  =15.4
| Feb high C  =15.9
| Mar high C  =17.5
| Apr high C  =20.1
| May high C  =23.4
| Jun high C  =27.2
| Jul high C  =30.1
| Aug high C  =30.4
| Sep high C  =28.3
| Oct high C  =24.5
| Nov high C  =20.6
| Dec high C  =16.9
| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 11.1
| Feb mean C = 11.5
| Mar mean C = 12.7
| Apr mean C = 15.1
| May mean C = 18.2
| Jun mean C = 21.9
| Jul mean C = 24.6
| Aug mean C = 25.0
| Sep mean C = 23.1
| Oct mean C = 19.7
| Nov mean C = 15.9
| Dec mean C = 12.6
| year mean C =

| Jan low C  =6.8
| Feb low C  =7.0
| Mar low C  =8.0
| Apr low C  =10.1
| May low C  =12.9
| Jun low C  =16.6
| Jul low C  =19.0
| Aug low C  =19.6
| Sep low C  =17.9
| Oct low C  =14.8
| Nov low C  =11.3
| Dec low C  =8.4
| year low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =89
| Feb precipitation mm  =69
| Mar precipitation mm  =58
| Apr precipitation mm  =46
| May precipitation mm  =25
| Jun precipitation mm  =10
| Jul precipitation mm  =5
| Aug precipitation mm  =12
| Sep precipitation mm  =42
| Oct precipitation mm  =80
| Nov precipitation mm  =84
| Dec precipitation mm  =93
| year precipitation mm =

| Jan precipitation days  =12
| Feb precipitation days  =9
| Mar precipitation days  =9
| Apr precipitation days  =7
| May precipitation days  =4
| Jun precipitation days  =2
| Jul precipitation days  =1
| Aug precipitation days  =1
| Sep precipitation days  =5
| Oct precipitation days  =8
| Nov precipitation days  =10
| Dec precipitation days  =12

| source 1 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clisun.casaccia.enea.it/profili/tabelle/659%20%5BPalermo%5D%20Palermo%20Valverde.Txt |title=Tabella climatica mensile e annuale di Palermo Valverde |access-date = 9 June 2020 |publisher=[[ENEA (Italy)|Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile]] |archive-date = 6 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022436/http://clisun.casaccia.enea.it/profili/tabelle/659%20%5BPalermo%5D%20Palermo%20Valverde.Txt |url-status = live}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| width        = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| open         =
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line  = y
| location     = Cinisi, at {{cvt|30|km|mi}} from Palermo. ([[Falcone Borsellino Airport|Palermo Punta Raisi Airport]]), elevation: {{cvt|21|m|disp=or}}, 1961–1990 normals, Extremes 1960–1990

| Jan record high C = 25.6
| Feb record high C = 29.4
| Mar record high C = 34.7
| Apr record high C = 34.6
| May record high C = 40.0
| Jun record high C = 44.2
| Jul record high C = 43.1
| Aug record high C = 42.4
| Sep record high C = 40.6
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 31
| Dec record high C = 26.7

| Jan high C  =14.8
| Feb high C  =15.1
| Mar high C  =16.1
| Apr high C  =18.4
| May high C  =21.8
| Jun high C  =25.1
| Jul high C  =28.3
| Aug high C  =28.8
| Sep high C  =26.6
| Oct high C  =22.9
| Nov high C  =19.3
| Dec high C  =16.0
| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 12.5
| Feb mean C = 12.6
| Mar mean C = 13.5
| Apr mean C = 15.7
| May mean C = 18.9
| Jun mean C = 22.4
| Jul mean C = 25.6
| Aug mean C = 26.2
| Sep mean C = 24.1
| Oct mean C = 20.3
| Nov mean C = 16.8
| Dec mean C = 13.7
| year mean C =

| Jan low C  =10.2
| Feb low C  =10.1
| Mar low C  =10.9
| Apr low C  =12.9
| May low C  =16.0
| Jun low C  =19.7
| Jul low C  =22.9
| Aug low C  =23.6
| Sep low C  =21.5
| Oct low C  =17.8
| Nov low C  =14.3
| Dec low C  =11.5
| year low C =

| Jan record low C = 1.4
| Feb record low C = 2.4
| Mar record low C = 2.4
| Apr record low C = 5.8
| May record low C = 9
| Jun record low C = 13.3
| Jul record low C = 16
| Aug record low C = 17.9
| Sep record low C = 13
| Oct record low C = 8
| Nov record low C = 5.1
| Dec record low C = 1.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =71.6
| Feb precipitation mm  =65.4
| Mar precipitation mm  =59.5
| Apr precipitation mm  =44.1
| May precipitation mm  =25.5
| Jun precipitation mm  =12.2
| Jul precipitation mm  =5.1
| Aug precipitation mm  =13.3
| Sep precipitation mm  =41.5
| Oct precipitation mm  =98.0
| Nov precipitation mm  =94.3
| Dec precipitation mm  =80.0
| year precipitation mm =

| Jan humidity    =73
| Feb humidity    =72
| Mar humidity    =72
| Apr humidity    =72
| May humidity    =72
| Jun humidity    =71
| Jul humidity    =69
| Aug humidity    =71
| Sep humidity    =72
| Oct humidity    =71
| Nov humidity    =70
| Dec humidity    =73

| Jan precipitation days  =10
| Feb precipitation days  =10
| Mar precipitation days  =9
| Apr precipitation days  =6
| May precipitation days  =3
| Jun precipitation days  =2
| Jul precipitation days  =1
| Aug precipitation days  =2
| Sep precipitation days  =4
| Oct precipitation days  =8
| Nov precipitation days  =9
| Dec precipitation days  =11

| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web |url=http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/IY/16405.TXT |title=Palermo (16405) – WMO Weather Station| access-date = 20 July 2019 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]| archive-date = 24 August 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200824141434/http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/IY/16405.TXT| url-status = live}}</ref>
| source 2= Altervista<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/palermo-punta-raisi/ |title=Palermo Punta Raisi: record mensili dal 1960 |publisher=climaintoscana.altervista.org |access-date= 15 May 2020 |archive-date= 6 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200806125935/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/palermo-punta-raisi/ |url-status= live}}</ref> Extreme temperatures.
}}

=== Topography ===

[[File:Sommer, Giorgio (1834-1914) - n. 9000 - PALERMO - Monte Pellegrino.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Pellegrino]], pictured at the end of the 19th century; the mountain is visible from everywhere in the city.]]

Palermo is surrounded by mountains, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about {{cvt|1333|m}} high. However, historically, the most important mount is [[Monte Pellegrino]], which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain with the mount lying right in front of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], as "the most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay ''[[Italian Journey]]''.

=== Rivers ===

Today both the [[Papireto]] river and the [[cemonia|Kemonia]] are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of [[Mondello]].
{{wide image|Palermo panorama monte pellegrino.JPG|1000px|View of Palermo from Monte Pellegrino}}

=== Districts ===
{{See also|Mayor of Palermo}}
[[File:Districts of Palermo with Roman numbers.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Quarters of Palermo]]

{| style="width:60%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Municipality
! style="width:50%;"| Quarters
|- style="text-align:center;"
| |I || style="text-align:center;"|[[Kalsa]], Albergheria, Seralcadio & La Loggia
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|II || style="text-align:center;"|Settecannoli, [[Brancaccio]] & [[Ciaculli|Ciaculli-Oreto]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| |III || style="text-align:center;"|Villagrazia-Falsomiele & Stazione-Oreto
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|IV || style="text-align:center;"|Montegrappa, S. Rosalia, [[Cuba, Palermo|Cuba]], Calafatimi, Mezzomonreale, Villa Tasca-Altarello & Boccadifalco
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|V || style="text-align:center;"|[[Zisa, Palermo|Zisa]], Noce, Uditore-Passo di Rigano & Borgo Nuovo
|- style="text-align:center;"
| |VI || style="text-align:center;"|Cruillas, S. Giovanni Apostolo, Resuttana & San Lorenzo
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|VII || style="text-align:center;"|Pallavicino, Tommaso Natale, Sferracavallo, Partanna Mondello, Arenella, Vergine Maria & San Filippo Neri (formerly known as [[Zona Espansione Nord (Palermo)|ZEN]])
|- style="text-align:center;"
| |VIII || style="text-align:center;"|Politeama, Malaspina-Palagonia, Libertà & Monte Pellegrino
|}

Shown above are the thirty five quarters of Palermo: these thirty five neighbourhoods or "[[quartiere]]" as they are known, are further divided into eight governmental community boards.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/67/Default.aspx |publisher=Palapa.it |title=Quartieri |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=30 October 2008 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722043844/http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/67/Default.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>