Editing Paddington (section)

==History==
[[File:Paddington Met. B Ward Map 1916.svg|thumb|A map showing the wards of Paddington Metropolitan Borough as they appeared in 1916.]]

The earliest extant references to ''Padington'' (or "Padintun", as in the ''Saxon Chartularies'', 959<ref name=Surname />), [[Historic counties of England|historically]] a part of [[Middlesex]], appear in the documentation of purported tenth-century land grants to the monks of Westminster by [[Edgar the Peaceful]] as confirmed by [[Dunstan|Archbishop Dunstan]]. However, the documents' provenance is much later and likely to have been forged after the 1066 [[Norman Conquest]]. There is no mention of the place (or Westbourne or Knightsbridge) in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/paddingtonpasta00enggoog#page/n23/mode/2up Robins, pp 1–5]</ref>

It has been reasonably speculated that a Saxon settlement led by the followers of ''Padda'', an Anglo-Saxon chieftain, was located around the intersection of the northern and western Roman roads, corresponding with the [[Edgware Road]] ([[Watling Street]]) and the [[Harrow Road|Harrow]] and [[Uxbridge Road|Uxbridge]] Roads.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/paddingtonpasta00enggoog#page/n29/mode/2up Robins, pp 7–9]</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Weinreb |first=Ben |url=http://archive.org/details/londonencycloped00ias |title=The London Encyclopedia |publisher=Adler & Adler |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-917561-07-8 |location=Bethesda, Maryland |pages=572–573}}</ref> From the tenth century, Paddington was owned by [[Westminster Abbey]] which was later confirmed by the [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet]] kings in a charter from 1222. This charter mentions a chapel and a farm situated in the area.<ref name=":02" /> While a 12th-century document cited by the cleric [[Isaac Maddox]] (1697–1759) establishes that part of the land was held by brothers "Richard and William de Padinton".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/paddingtonpasta00enggoog#page/n35/mode/2up Robins, p 12]</ref> They and their descendants carried out activities in Paddington; these were known by records dating from 1168 to 1485. They were the earliest known tenant farmers of the land.<ref name=":02" />

During King [[Henry VIII]]'s [[Dissolution of the monasteries|dissolution]], the property of Paddington was seized by the crown. However, King [[Edward VI]] granted the land to the [[Bishop of London]] in 1550. Successive bishops would later lease farmlands to tenants and city merchants. One such, in the 1540s, was [[Thomas North]], who translated Plutarch's ''[[Parallel Lives]]'' into English in 1579. Shakespeare would later use this work and was said to have performed in taverns along Edgware Road.<ref name=":02" />

In the later [[Elizabethan]] and early [[Stuart period|Stuart]] era, the rectory, manor and associated estate houses were occupied by the Small (or Smale) family. Nicholas Small was a clothworker who was sufficiently well connected to have [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Holbein]] paint a portrait of his wife, [[Jane Small]]. Nicholas died in 1565 and his wife married again, to Nicholas Parkinson of Paddington who became master of the [[Clothworkers' Company]]. Jane Small continued to live in Paddington after her second husband's death, and her manor house was big enough to have been let to Sir John Popham, the attorney general, in the 1580s. They left the building that became in this time ''Blowers Inn''.<ref>Holbein's Miniature of Jane Pemberton – a further note. Author: Lorne Campbell. Source: The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 132, No. 1044 (Mar. 1990), pp. 213–214.</ref>

=== Early Modern period ===
As the regional population grew in the 17th century, Paddington's ancient [[Hundred (division)|Hundred]] of [[Ossulstone]] was split into divisions; [[Holborn division|Holborn Division]] replaced the hundred for most administrative purposes.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol6/pp1-5 Ossulstone Hundred] at [[British History Online]]</ref> A church, the predecessor of [[St Mary on Paddington Green Church|St Mary]] was built in Paddington in 1679.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:St Mary's Church, Paddington Green, W2 - geograph.org.uk - 351966.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary on Paddington Green Church|St Mary on Paddington]], a Georgian church commissioned in 1788]]
In 1740, John Frederick leased the estate in Paddington and it is from his granddaughters and their families that many of Paddington's street names are derived.<ref name=":02" /> The [[New Road, London|New Road]] was built in 1756–7 to link the villages of Paddington and Islington.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Inwood |first=Stephen |url=http://archive.org/details/historyoflondon0000inwo_z7b8 |title=A History of London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-333-67153-5 |location=London }}</ref>{{Rp|page=260}} By 1773, a [[contemporary history|contemporary historian]] felt and wrote that "London may now be said to include two cities ([[City of London|London]] and [[City and Liberty of Westminster|Westminster]]), one borough ([[Southwark]]) and forty six antient [ancient] villages [among which]... Paddington and [adjoining] Marybone ([[Marylebone]])."<ref name=":2">[[John Noorthouck|Noorthouck, J.]], ''[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46744 A New History of London]'' 1773; Online edition sponsored by Centre for Metropolitan History: (Book 2, Ch. 1: Situation and general view of London) Date accessed: 6 July 2009.</ref>
During the 18th century, several French [[Huguenots]] called Paddington village home. These included jewellers, nobility and skilled craftsmen; and men such as [[Claudius Amyand (surgeon)|Claudius Amyand]] (surgeon to King [[George III|George II]]). The French nobility built magnificent gardens that lasted up until the 19th century.<ref name=":02" />

Roman roads formed the parish's northeastern and southern boundaries from [[Marble Arch]]: [[Watling Street]] (later [[Edgware Road]]) and; (the) Uxbridge road, known by the 1860s in this neighbourhood as [[Bayswater Road]]. They were [[Toll gate#Early toll roads|toll roads]] in much of the 18th century, before and after the dismantling of the permanent [[Tyburn, London#Tyburn gallows|Tyburn gallows "tree"]] at their junction in 1759 a junction now known as Marble Arch.<ref name="Elrington">Elrington C. R. (Editor), Baker T. F. T., Bolton D. K., Croot P. E. C. (1989) ''[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=90&page=1&sort=1 A History of the County of Middlesex]'' (Access page number from the Table of Contents])</ref>{{rp|p.174}} The Tyburn gallows might have been a reason why expansion and urban development (from London) slowed in Paddington; as public execution was taking place there up until 1783.<ref name=":02" />[[File:Departure platforms Paddington station.jpg|thumb|Paddington station first opened in 1838]]Only in 1801 did major construction to Paddington occur. This happened when the bishops leased land to the [[Grand Junction Canal]], where a direct trade link could now take place between London and the [[Midlands]], bringing more employment to the area. The canal would remain dominant until [[Regent's Canal]] was built in 1820. Construction and building projects would take place from east to west and south to north throughout the 19th century; increasing its population in a rapid pace, overtaking the village scene of Paddington. This population increase would go from 1,881 to 46,305 between 1801 and 1851 respectively; with 10,000 new inhabitants added every decade thereafter.<ref name=":02" />
[[London Paddington station|Paddington station]] first opened in 1838, with the first underground line in 1863 ([[Metropolitan line|Metropolitan]]).<ref name=":02" /> Paddington was one of the few districts in London that had a migrant majority population by 1881.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=416}} With a thriving Greek and Jewish community present in the mid-19th century. During the period, several Victorian churches were demolished owing to structural decay. Victorian housing developed into slums, giving the area an unsavoury reputation.

However, in the 1930s massive rebuilding and improvements projects were made. However, even as late as the 1950s Paddington was a byword for overcrowding, poverty and vice. Between the 1960s and 1980s, the area would see vast improvements and redevelopments in city planning.<ref name=":02" />

===Tyburnia===
{{main|Tyburnia}}
The southeast section of Tyburnia used to be a shanty-town in the 1790s before the Canal was built and brought much needed employment to its inhabitants. The area was built up during the course of the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=":02" />

In the 19th century the part of the parish most sandwiched between Edgware Road and [[Westbourne Terrace]], [[Gloucester Terrace]] and [[Craven Hill]], bounded to the south by Bayswater Road, was known as Tyburnia. The district formed the centrepiece of an 1824 masterplan by [[Samuel Pepys Cockerell]] to redevelop the Tyburn Estate (historic lands of the Bishop of London) into a residential area to rival [[Belgravia]].<ref name="Tyburnia">{{cite web|last=Walford|first=Edward|title=Tyburn and Tyburnia|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45231|work=Old and New London: Volume 5|publisher=British History Online|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

The area was laid out in the mid-1800s when grand squares and cream-[[stucco (material)|stuccoed]] terraces started to fill the acres between Paddington station and Hyde Park; however, the plans were never realised in full. Despite this, Thackeray described the residential district of Tyburnia as "the elegant, the prosperous, the polite Tyburnia, the most respectable district of the habitable globe."<ref>{{cite web|last=Brewer|first=E. Cobham|title=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898)|url=http://www.bartleby.com/81/16894.html|publisher=Bartleby.com|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

===Etymology===
Derivation of the name is uncertain. Speculative explanations include ''Padre-ing-tun'' (explained as "father's meadow village"), ''Pad-ing-tun'' ("pack-horse meadow village"),<ref>Robins, William. [https://archive.org/stream/paddingtonpasta00enggoog#page/n9/mode/2up ''Paddington Past and Present'']. Caxton Steam Printing (1853), pp. iv–v.</ref> and ''Pæding-tun'' ("village of the race of Pæd")<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/paddingtonpasta00enggoog#page/n133/mode/2up/ Robins], pp. 110–111.</ref> the last being the cited suggestion of the Victorian Anglo-Saxon scholar [[John Mitchell Kemble]].

There is another Paddington in [[Surrey]], recorded in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' as "Padendene"<ref>[http://www.domesdaymap.co.uk/place/TQ1047/paddington/ Place: Paddington] at ''Open Domesday''.</ref> and later as "Paddingdon", perhaps to be derived from [[Old English]] ''dene, denu'' "valley", whereas Paddington in Middlesex is commonly traced back to Old English ''tūn'' "farm, homestead, town". Both place names share the same first part, a personal name rendered as ''Pad(d)a'', of uncertain origin, giving "Padda's valley" for the place in Surrey and "homestead of Padda's people" for the place in Middlesex.<ref name=Surname>Brooks, C. [http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Paddington "Paddington"], in: ''Internet Surname Database''.</ref> That both place names would refer to the same individual or ancient family,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/paddingtonpasta00enggoog#page/n137/mode/2up/ Robins], p. 114</ref> is pure speculation. A lord named Padda is named in the Domesday Book, associated with [[Brampton, Suffolk]].<ref>[http://www.domesdaymap.co.uk/name/398550/padda/ Name: Padda] at ''Open Domesday''.</ref>

===Colloquial expressions===
An 18th-century dictionary gives "Paddington Fair Day. An execution day, Tyburn being in the parish or neighbourhood of Paddington. To dance the Paddington frisk; to be hanged."<ref>Grose, Francis [https://archive.org/stream/aclassicaldicti01grosgoog#page/n170/mode/2up Paddington] in ''A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue'', 3rd edn, Hooper and Wigstead, London 1796. Online copy at archive.org</ref> Public executions were abolished in England in 1868.<ref>Brewer, Rev. E. Cobham ''A Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' p.869, revised edn., Cassell 2001</ref>