Editing Packard (section)

==History==

===1899–1905===
Packard was founded by [[James Ward Packard]], his brother [[William Doud Packard|William]], and their partner, George Lewis Weiss, in [[Warren, Ohio]], where 400 Packard automobiles were built at their factory on 408 Dana Street Northeast, from 1899 until 1903. A mechanical engineer, James Packard believed they could build a better horseless carriage than the [[Winton Motor Carriage Company|Winton]] cars owned by Weiss, an important Winton stockholder, after Packard complained to [[Alexander Winton]] and offered suggestions for improvement, which were ignored. Winton replied to the suggestions by essentially telling Packard to "go build your own car".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.classicspeedsters.com/blog/2020/5/3/the-packard-speedster-experience |title=The Packard Speedster Experience |date=May 8, 2020 |website=classicspeedsters.com |access-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328231109/https://www.classicspeedsters.com/blog/2020/5/3/the-packard-speedster-experience}}</ref> Packard's first car was built in [[Warren, Ohio]], on November 6, 1899.<ref name="American Auto Millennium Edition page 19">{{cite book |last=Flammang |first=James M. |title=100 Years of the American Auto: Millennium Edition |year=1999 |publisher=Publications International |isbn=978-0-7853-3484-2 |page=19}}</ref>

[[Henry Bourne Joy]], a member of one of [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]'s oldest and wealthiest families, bought a Packard. Impressed by its reliability, he visited the Packards and soon enlisted a group of investors, including [[Truman Handy Newberry]] and [[Russell A. Alger]] Jr. On October 2, 1902, this group refinanced and renamed the New York and Ohio Automobile Company as the Packard Motor Car Company, with James Packard as president. Alger later served as vice president.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gphistorical.org/autobarons/alger/index.htm |title=The Alger Family |publisher=Grosse Pointe Historical Society |access-date=September 15, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929042641/http://www.gphistorical.org/autobarons/alger/index.htm}}</ref> Packard moved operations to Detroit soon after, and Joy became general manager (later chairman of the board). An original Packard, reputedly the first manufactured, was donated by a grateful James Packard to his ''alma mater'', [[Lehigh University]], and is preserved there in the Packard Laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Packard's 100th Anniversary |work=Rossin College of Engineering & Applied Science, Packard Laboratory, Lehigh University |url=http://www3.lehigh.edu/engineering/meche/news/events1.asp |access-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207104457/http://www3.lehigh.edu/engineering/meche/news/events1.asp |date=January 12, 2009 |archive-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref> Another is on display at the Packard Museum in Warren, Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |title=1903 Packard 2 Passenger Runabout |publisher=Remarkable Cars Picture Gallery |url=http://www.remarkablecars.com/ppads/showproduct.php/product/1809 |access-date=September 15, 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085915/http://www.remarkablecars.com/ppads/showproduct.php/product/1809}}</ref>

While the [[Black Motor Company]]'s Black went as low as $375,<ref>Clymer, p. 61.</ref> [[Western Tool Works (automobile company)|Western Tool Works]]' Gale Model A roadster was $500,<ref>Clymer, p. 51.</ref> the high-volume [[Oldsmobile]] [[Oldsmobile Curved Dash|Runabout]] went for $650,<ref>Clymer, p. 32.</ref> and the [[Cole Motor Car Company|Cole 30]] and [[Cole Motor Car Company|Cole Runabout]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Clymer |first=Floyd |title=Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 |url=https://archive.org/details/treasuryofearlya00clym |url-access=registration |year=1971 |publisher=Bonanza Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/treasuryofearlya00clym/page/104 104]}}</ref> were $1,500,<ref>Clymer, p. 63.</ref> Packard concentrated on cars with prices starting at $2,600. The marque developed a following among wealthy purchasers in the United States and abroad, competing with European marques like [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]], [[Renault#Interwar years (1919–1938)|Renault]], [[Isotta Fraschini]], and [[Mercedes-Benz]].

The {{cvt|3500000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} [[Packard plant]] on East [[Grand Boulevard (Detroit)|Grand Boulevard]] in Detroit was located on over {{cvt|40|acre|0}} of land. Designed by [[Albert Kahn Associates]], it included an early use of reinforced concrete for an automotive factory when building #10 opened in 1906.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Michael G. |title=The First Concrete Auto Factory: An Error in the Historical Record |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |date=December 2019 |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=444–445 |doi=10.1525/jsah.2019.78.4.442 |s2cid=213601851}}</ref> Its craftsmen practised over 80 trades. The dilapidated plant stood until demolition commenced in September 2022,<ref>{{cite news |title=Once teeming with auto plants, Detroit now home to only a few nameplates |last=Wright |first=Richard A. |newspaper=Detroit News |date=January 16, 2000 |url=http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=16 |access-date=2012-01-31 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710060448/http://info.detnews.com/redesign/history/story/historytemplate.cfm?id=16 |archive-date=2012-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/detroitderek/sets/72157604058904117/ |title=Abandoned Packard Plant |author=DetroitDerek Photography |date=May 19, 2010 |via=Flickr |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220044011/http://www.flickr.com/photos/detroitderek/sets/72157604058904117/ |url-status=live}}</ref> despite repeated fires.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwmt.com/news/detroit-1364125-packard-plant.html |title=More fires break out at Packard Plant in Detroit |website=wwmt.com |date=June 29, 2009 |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302075237/http://www.wwmt.com/news/detroit-1364125-packard-plant.html |archive-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> The factory is in close proximity to the current General Motors [[Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]], which was the former site of the Dodge Vehicle factory from 1910 until 1980. Architect Kahn also designed the [[Packard Proving Grounds]] in [[Shelby Township, Michigan]].

===1906–1930===
[[File:Packard Motor Car Company 1921.jpg|thumb|left|Gold Bond specimen of the Packard Motor Car Company, issued 15 April 1921]]
[[File:Packard Twin Six Touring 1916.jpg|thumb|1916 [[Packard Twin Six]] Touring (1-35)]]
[[File:Kegresse tsar17.jpg|thumb|A 1916 Packard Twin-Six Model 1-35 Touring Sedan equipped with [[Kegresse track]] belonging to the [[Nicholas II of Russia|Emperor of Russia]] (1917)]]
[[File:Packard 426 Roadster 1927.jpg|thumb|1927 [[Packard Six|Packard Fourth Series Six Model 426]] Runabout Roadster]]
[[File:1922PackardEX.jpg|thumb|1922 Packard EX truck on display at the [[Iowa 80]] Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa]]

From this beginning, through and beyond the 1930s, Packard-built vehicles were perceived as highly competitive among high-priced luxury American automobiles.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Steve |title=1906 Packard Model S, the gentleman's sports car |url=https://journal.classiccars.com/2018/06/01/1906-packard-model-s-gentlemans-sports-car/ |website=journal.classiccars.com |date=June 2, 2018 |access-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025904/https://journal.classiccars.com/2018/06/01/1906-packard-model-s-gentlemans-sports-car/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The company was commonly referred to as being one of the "Three Ps" of American motordom royalty, along with [[Pierce-Arrow]] of [[Buffalo, New York]], and [[Peerless Motor Company|Peerless]] of [[Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/vintage-speed/15-cars-that-couldnt-save-their-brand_#slide-1 |title=15 Cars That Couldn't Save Their Brand |first=Kevin A. |last=Wilson |work=Popular Mechanics |date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=March 23, 2014 |page=1 |quote=Pierce-Arrow, founded in 1901, once ranked with Detroit's Packard and Cleveland's Peerless as the Three P's of Motordom |archive-date=March 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134134/http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/vintage-speed/15-cars-that-couldnt-save-their-brand_#slide-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> For most of its history, Packard was guided by its president and General Manager [[Alvan Macauley|James Alvan Macauley]], who served as President of the National Automobile Manufacturers Association. Inducted into the Automobile Hall of Fame, Macauley made Packard the number one designer and producer of luxury automobiles in the United States. The marque was also competitive abroad, with markets in 61 countries. Gross income for the company was $21,889,000 in 1928 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|21.889|1928|r=0}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}}). Macauley was also responsible for the iconic Packard slogan, "Ask the Man Who Owns One".

The [[Packard Six]] was initially introduced as a senior-level luxury platform for three years starting in 1913, then upgraded to the [[Packard Twin Six]] starting in 1916. The first appearance of the Packard "Goddess of Speed" hood ornament was in 1925 on the [[Packard Eight]] and soon adorned all models, while the Cormorant or Swan appeared in the 1930s. The [[Adonis]] hood ornament was briefly used in the late 1920s.<ref name="kimes1996"/>

In the 1920s, Packard exported more cars than any other in its price class, and in 1930, sold almost twice as many abroad as any other marque priced over {{US$|2,000|year=1930|round=-3}}{{inflation/fn|US}}.<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-11.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804093843/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-11.jpg |date=August 4, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref> In 1931, 10 Packards were owned by the [[Imperial House of Japan]].<ref>''The Literary Digest'' November 14, 1931; [http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-07.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140128/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-07.jpg |date=August 9, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref> Between 1924 and 1930, Packard was also the top-selling luxury brand.<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-04.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804104100/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-04.jpg |date=August 4, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref>

In addition to luxury cars, Packard built trucks. A Packard truck carrying a three-ton load drove from [[New York City]] to [[San Francisco]] between July 8 and August 24, 1912. In the same year, Packard had service depots in 104 cities.<ref>Clymer, p. 112.</ref>

The [[Packard Motor Corporation Building]] at [[Philadelphia]], also designed by Albert Kahn, was built in 1910–1911. It was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1980.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

By 1931, Packards were also being produced in Canada.<ref>''The Literary Digest'' December 12, 1931; [http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-07.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140128/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-07.jpg |date=August 9, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref>

===1931–1936===
[[File:'30 Packard Deluxe Eight Roadster (MIAS '10).jpg|thumb|right|1930 Seventh Series [[Packard Eight|Deluxe Eight]] model 745 roadster]]

Entering the 1930s, Packard attempted to beat the stock market crash and subsequent Great Depression by manufacturing ever more opulent and expensive cars than it had prior to October 1929, and began offering different platforms that focused on different price points allowing the company to offer more products and remain competitive. While the [[Packard Eight|Eight]] five-seater [[sedan (automobile)|sedan]] had been the company's top-seller for years,<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-07.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809140128/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-07.jpg |date=August 9, 2016}} Retrieved September 14, 2013</ref> the [[Packard Twelve|Twin Six]], designed by Chief engineer Jesse G. Vincent,<ref>{{cite book |last=Georgano |first=G. N. |author-link=G.N. Georgano |title=Early and Vintage Cars 1886-1930 |year=2002 |publisher=Mason Crest Publishers |isbn=978-1-59084-491-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofwheels0000unse}}</ref> was introduced for 1932, with prices starting at {{US$|3,650|year=1932|round=-3}}{{inflation/fn|US}};<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1932/1932%20Packard%20Ad-11.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808131235/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1932/1932%20Packard%20Ad-11.jpg |date=August 8, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref> in 1933,<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1933/1933%20Packard%20Ad-01.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071527/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1933/1933%20Packard%20Ad-01.jpg |date=March 5, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref> it would be renamed the [[Packard Twelve]], a name it retained for the remainder of its run (through 1939). Also in 1931, Packard pioneered a system it called Ride Control, which made the hydraulic [[shock absorber]]s adjustable from within the car.<ref>''The Literary Digest'' November 14, 1931, reproduced at [http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-08.jpg Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808102912/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1931/1931%20Packard%20Ad-08.jpg |date=August 8, 2016}}. Retrieved September 16, 2013.</ref> For one year only, 1932, Packard fielded an upper-medium-priced car, the [[Packard Light Eight|Light Eight]], at a base price of $1,750 ({{inflation|US|1750|1932|r=-3|fmt=eq}}), or $735 ({{inflation|US|735|1932|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) less than the Standard Eight.<ref>{{cite book |last=Langworth |first=Richard M. |title=Illustrated Packard Buyer's Guide: All Packard Cars and Commercial Vehicles, 1899 to 1958 |year=1992 |publisher=Motorbooks International |page=50 |isbn=0-87938-427-1}}</ref>

[[File:'31 Packard 833 (MIAS '10).jpg|thumb|1931 Eighth Series [[Packard Eight|Standard Eight model 833]]]]

Packard rivals Cadillac and Lincoln benefited from the huge support structure of GM and Ford. Packard could not match the two new automotive giants for resources. The 1920s had proven extremely profitable for the company and it had assets of approximately $20&nbsp;million in 1932 (${{inflation|US|20|1932|r=0}}&nbsp;million in {{inflation/year|US}} dollars{{inflation/fn|US}}) while many luxury car manufacturers were almost broke. Peerless ceased production in 1932, converting the Cleveland manufacturing plant automobile production to brewing for [[Carling Black Label]] Beer. By 1938, [[Franklin (automobile)|Franklin]], [[Marmon Motor Car Company|Marmon]], [[Ruxton (automobile)|Ruxton]], [[Stearns-Knight]], [[Stutz Motor Company|Stutz]], [[Duesenberg]], and [[Pierce-Arrow]] had all closed.

[[File:Packard De Luxe Eight 904 Sedan Limousine 1932.jpg|thumb|1932 Ninth Series De Luxe Eight model 904 sedan-limousine]]

Packard had one advantage that some other luxury automakers did not: a single production line. By maintaining a single line and interchangeability between models, Packard was able to maintain low costs. Packard did not change models as often as other manufacturers. Rather than introducing new models annually, Packard began using its own "Series" formula for differentiating its model changeovers in 1923 borrowing a strategy from GM called [[planned obsolescence]]. The new model series did not debut on a strictly annual basis, with some series lasting nearly two years, and others lasting as brief as seven months. In the long run, Packard averaged approximately one new series per year. By 1930, Packard automobiles were considered part of its Seventh Series. By 1942, Packard was in its Twentieth Series. The "Thirteenth Series" was omitted due to the [[triskaidekaphobia|western superstition]] about the number 13.

[[File:Packard 1101 Eight Convertible Sedan 1934.jpg|thumb|1934 Eleventh Series Eight model 1101 convertible sedan]]

To meet the challenge of the Depression, Packard started producing more affordable cars in the medium price range. This was a necessary step as the demand for hand-built luxury cars had diminished sharply and people who could afford such vehicles were reluctant to be seen in them when unemployment was over 20%. In 1935, the company introduced the [[Packard 120|120]], its first car under $1000 ({{Inflation|US|1000|1935|fmt=eq|r=-3}}). Sales more than tripled that year and doubled again in 1936. To produce the 120, Packard built a separate factory. By 1936, Packard's labor force was divided nearly evenly between the high-priced "Senior" lines (Twelve, Super Eight, and Eight) and the medium-priced "Junior" models, although more than 10 times more Juniors were produced than Seniors. This was because the 120 models were built using thoroughly modern mass production techniques, while the senior Packards used a great deal more hand labor and traditional craftsmanship. Although Packard almost certainly could not have survived the Depression without the highly successful Junior models,<ref>Langworth, pp. 70-71</ref> they did have the effect of diminishing the Senior models' exclusive image among those few who could still afford a luxury car. The 120 models were more modern in basic design than the Senior models. For example, the 1935 Packard 120 featured independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes, features that did not appear on the Senior Packards until 1937.

During this time, Packards were built in [[Windsor, Ontario]] by the Packard Motor Company of Canada<ref name="Zavitz">{{cite book |last1=Zavitz |first1=Perry |title=Canadian Cars, 1946-1984 |date=1985 |publisher=Bookman Publishing |location=Baltimore |isbn=0-934780-43-9 |page=136}}</ref> to benefit from [[Imperial Preference]] as well as to build right-hand-drive cars for export. Production started in 1931, with the best year being 1937, with just over 2,500 cars built.<ref name="Zavitz"/> Parts manufactured in Canada included tires, upholstery, radiator cores, headlamps, springs, and wheels, while the engines were locally assembled.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stenquist |first1=Paul |title=The beautiful, Canadian-born Packard 120 Sport Coupe |url=https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2017/11/06/canadian-born-packard |website=hagerty.com |date=November 6, 2017 |access-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630081310/https://www.hagerty.com/articles-videos/articles/2017/11/06/canadian-born-packard |url-status=live}}</ref> Production ended in 1939, although the company maintained an office in Windsor for many years.<ref name="Zavitz"/>

===1937–1941===
[[File:'38 Packard (Auto classique Laval '11).jpg|thumb|1939 (17th series) Twelve]]

Packard was still the premier luxury automobile, even though the majority of cars being built were the [[Packard One-Twenty]] and [[Packard Super Eight|Super Eight]] model ranges. Hoping to catch still more of the market, Packard issued the [[Packard Six#Third Generation (1937–1947)|Packard 115C]] in 1937, powered by a Packard six-cylinder engine. The decision to introduce the "Packard Six", priced at around $1200 ({{inflation|US|1200|1937|r=-3|fmt=eq}}),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1937/1937%20Packard%20Ad-09.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804104630/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1937/1937%20Packard%20Ad-09.html|url-status=dead|title=Directory Index: Packard Ads/1937|archivedate=August 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1938/1938%20Packard%20Ad-05.html Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094152/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1938/1938%20Packard%20Ad-05.html |date=March 5, 2016}} Retrieved October 5, 2013</ref> was in time for the 1938 recession. This model also tagged Packards as something less exclusive than they had been in the public's mind and in the long run hurt Packard's reputation of building some of America's finest luxury cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=1937-1947 Packard Six |date=August 20, 2007 |website=How Stuff Works |url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1937-1947-packard-six.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930040622/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1937-1947-packard-six.htm |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref> The Six, redesignated [[Packard 110|110]] in 1940–41, continued for three years after the war.

In 1939, Packard introduced Econo-Drive, a kind of [[overdrive (mechanics)|overdrive]], claimed able to reduce engine speed 27.8%; it could be engaged at any speed over {{cvt|30|mph|km/h}}.<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1939/1939%20Packard%20Ad-01.html Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804093142/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1939/1939%20Packard%20Ad-01.html |date=August 4, 2016}} Retrieved October 5, 2013</ref> The same year, the company introduced a fifth, transverse shock absorber and made column shift (known as Handishift) available on the 120 and Six.<ref>[http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1939/1939%20Packard%20Ad-02.html Old Car Advertising] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804101434/http://www.oldcaradvertising.com/Packard%20Ads/1939/1939%20Packard%20Ad-02.html |date=August 4, 2016}} Retrieved October 5, 2013</ref>

[[File:1941 Packard 180 Formal Sedan.jpg|thumb|1941 180 Formal Sedan]]
[[File:1941 Packard 110 Touring Sedan-July 2018 copy.jpg|thumb|1941 110 2-Door Touring Sedan]]

A new body shape was introduced for the 1941 model year, the [[Packard Clipper]]. It was available only as a four-door model on the {{cvt|127|in|mm|0}} wheelbase of the 160, but powered by {{cvt|125|hp|kW PS|0}} version of straight-8 engine used the 120.<ref>{{cite web |title=1941-1947 Packard Clipper |date=October 23, 2007 |website=How Stuff Works |url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1941-1947-packard-clipper.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123223831/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1941-1947-packard-clipper.htm |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref>

===1942–1945===
In 1942, the Packard Motor Car Company converted to 100% war production.<ref name="Moranz">{{cite book |last=Moranz |first=John |year=1945 |title=Leaders of Wartime Michigan |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |publisher=Douglas Offset |page=52}}</ref> During [[World War II]], Packard again built airplane engines, licensing the [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|Merlin]] engine from [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] as the [[Packard V-1650|V-1650]], which powered the [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang]] fighter, ironically known as the "Cadillac of the Skies" by GIs in WWII.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herman |first1=Arthur |title=Freedom's forge: how American business produced victory in World War II |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8129-8204-6 |pages=103–5, 110, 203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Dana T. |title=Building victory: aircraft manufacturing in the Los Angeles area in World War II |date=2013 |publisher=D.T. Parker |location=Cypress, CA |isbn=978-0-9897906-0-4 |pages=77, 90–92}}</ref> Packard also built 1350-, 1400-, and 1500-hp V-12 marine engines for American [[PT boat#Engines|PT boat]]s (each boat used three) and some of [[Fairmile D motor torpedo boat|Britain's patrol boats]]. Packard ranked 18th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peck |first1=Merton J. |first2=Frederic M. |last2=Scherer |title=The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis |year=1962 |publisher=Harvard Business School |page=619}}</ref>

By the end of the war in Europe, Packard Motor Car Company had produced over 55,000 combat engines. Sales in 1944 were $455,118,600. By May 6, 1945, Packard had a backlog on war orders of $568&nbsp;million.<ref name="Moranz"/>

===1946–1956===
[[File:Neuberger Motors, 1137 Broadway, Hewlett, N. Y.jpg|thumb|Packard dealer at 1137 Broadway, Hewlett, New York, ca. 1950–1955]]

By the end of World War II, Packard was in excellent financial condition with assets of around $33&nbsp;million, but several management mistakes became more apparent with time. Like other US automobile companies, Packard resumed civilian car production in late 1945, labeling them as 1946 models by modestly updating their 1942 models. As only tooling for the Clipper was at hand, the Senior-series cars were not rescheduled. One version of the story is that the Senior dies were left outdoors to rust and were not usable. Another tale is that Roosevelt gave Stalin the dies for the Senior series, but the [[ZiS-110]] state limousines were a separate design.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classic-american.com/news/zis-is-not-a-packard |publisher=Classic American |title=Star letter: ZIS is not a Packard |first=George |last=Hamlin |date=May 17, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130729163348/http://www.classic-american.com/news/zis-is-not-a-packard |archive-date=July 29, 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Packard Convertible Coupe 1949.jpg|thumb|1949 Packard convertible coupé]]
[[File:1950 Packard Eight Club Sedan in Packard Maroon.jpg|thumb|1950 Packard Eight Club Sedan]]

The [[Packard Clipper|Clipper]] became outdated as the new envelope bodies started appearing, led by Studebaker and Kaiser-Frazer. Although Packard was in good financial condition as the war ended, they had not sold enough cars to pay the cost of tooling for the 1941 design. While most automakers were able to introduce new vehicles for 1948 and 1949, Packard could not until 1951. The company updated cars by adding new sheet metal to the existing body (which added {{cvt|200|lb}} of curb weight).<ref name="flory 50s"/> Six-cylinder cars were discontinued for the U.S. market, and a convertible was added. These new designs hid their relationship with the Clipper. Even that name was dropped for a while.

The design chosen was a "bathtub" type, commonly called [[Ponton (car)|ponton]]. While this was considered futuristic during the war and the concept was taken further with the 1949 [[Nash Motors|Nash]], and survived for decades in the Saab 92–96 in Europe, the 1948–1950 Packard styling was polarizing. To some, it was sleek and blended classic with modern. Others nicknamed it the "pregnant elephant". Test driver for ''[[Mechanix Illustrated|Modern Mechanix]]'', [[Tom McCahill]], referred to the newly designed Packard as "a goat" and "a dowager in a [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] hat" in the January 1948 issue. Packard sold 2,000 vehicles in 1948 and a total of 116,000 of the 1949 models. In the early post-WWII years, the demand for new cars was extremely high, and nearly any vehicle would sell. Attempting to maintain strong sales beyond this point would prove more problematic.

Cadillac's new 1948 cars had sleek, aircraft-inspired styling that immediately made Packard's "bathtub" styling seem old-fashioned. Cadillac also debuted a brand-new OHV V8 engine in 1949 whereas Packard's lack of a modern engine became an increasing liability.

[[File:50packard2.JPG|thumb|1950 Packard Eight four-door sedan]]

Packard outsold Cadillac until circa 1950; most sales were the midrange volume models. During this time, Cadillac was among the earliest US makers to offer an [[automatic transmission]] (the [[Hydramatic]] in 1941). Packard caught up with the [[Ultramatic]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Flory |first=J. ("Kelly") Jr. |title=American Cars, 1946–1959 Every Model Every Year |year=2008 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> offered on top models in 1949 and all models from 1950 onward, but its perceived market reputation now had it as a competitor to [[Buick]].<ref name="flory 50s">{{cite book |last=Flory Jr. |first=J. "Kelly" |title=American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year |year=2008 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref>

Designed and built by Packard, the Ultramatic featured a lockup [[torque converter]] with two speeds. Early Ultramatics normally operated only in "high", with "low" having to be selected manually. Beginning in late 1954, it could be set to operate only in "high" or to start in "low" and automatically shift into "high". "High" was intended for normal driving and "Low" was mainly for navigating hills.

The Ultramatic made Packard the only American automotive manufacturer other than GM to develop an automatic transmission completely in-house. Ford had chosen to outsource their design to Borg-Warner (Ford had attempted to purchase Ultramatics from Packard to install in Lincolns, but bought Hydramatics until Lincoln developed its own automatic transmission a few years later). Ultramatic did not compare to GM's Hydramatic for smoothness of shifting, acceleration, or reliability. The resources spent on Ultramatic deprived Packard of the opportunity to develop a modern V8 engine. Also, when a new body style was added in addition to standard sedans, coupes, and convertibles, Packard introduced a station wagon instead of a two-door hardtop in response to Cadillac's Coupe DeVille. The [[Packard Station Sedan|Station Sedan]], a wagon-like body that was mostly steel, with a good deal of decorative wood in the back. A total of 3,864 were sold over its three years of production. The Packards of the late 1940s and early 1950s were built with traditional craftsmanship and the best materials, but the combination of the lower-priced Packards leading sales and impacting the prestige of their higher-end models and some questionable marketing decisions, Packard's crown as "king" of the luxury car market was at risk. In 1950, sales dropped to 42,000 cars for the model year. When Packard's president George T. Christopher set the course for an evolutionary styling approach with a facelift for 1951, others wanted a radical new design. Christopher resigned and Packard treasurer Hugh Ferry became president and demanded a new direction. Ferry, who had spent his career at Packard in the accounting department, did not want the job and quickly made it clear that he was serving on a temporary basis until a permanent company president could be found.

[[File:Flickr - DVS1mn - 51 Packard 300 (13).jpg|thumb|1951 Packard 300]]

The 1951 Packards were redesigned. Designer John Reinhart introduced a high-waisted, more squared-off profile fitting the contemporary styling trends — very different from the traditional flowing design of the postwar era. New styling features included a one-piece windshield, a wrap-around rear window, small tailfins on the long-wheelbase models, a full-width grille (replacing the traditional Packard upright design), and blunt "guideline fenders" with the hood and front fenders at the same height. The {{cvt|122|in|mm|0|adj=on}} wheelbase was used on the 200-series standard and Deluxe two- and four-doors, 250-series [[Packard Mayfair|Mayfair]] two-door [[hardtop]]s (Packard's first), and convertibles. The higher-end 300 and Patrician 400 models were built on a {{cvt|127|in|mm|0|adj=on}} wheelbase. The 200-series models were low-end models and now included a business coupe. The new appearance had similarities to [[Oldsmobile#1950s|Oldsmobile]]s, which were more moderately priced and sold in greater numbers.

The 250, 300, and 400/Patricians were Packard's flagship models and comprised the majority of the production for that year. The Patrician was now the premium Packard, replacing the Custom Eight line. Original plans were to equip it with a {{cvt|356|CID|L|1|adj=on}} engine, but the company decided that sales would not be sufficient to justify producing the larger, more expensive engine, and so the de-bored {{cvt|327|CID|L|1|adj=on}} (previously the middle engine) was used. While the smaller engine offered nearly equal performance in the new Packards to that of the 356, the move was seen by some as further denigrating Packard's image as a luxury car.

Since 1951 offered little new from other manufacturers, Packard's redesigned lineup sold nearly 101,000 cars. The 1951 Packards were a mixture of the modern (automatic transmissions) and old (using flathead inline eights when OHV V8 engines were becoming the norm). No domestic car lines had OHV V8s in 1948, but by 1955, every car line offered a version. The Packard inline eight, despite being an older design that lacked the power of Cadillac's engines, produced no vibration. When combined with an Ultramatic transmission, the drivetrain made for a quiet and smooth experience on the road. Packard could not keep up with the horsepower race, which was increasingly moving to high compression, short-stroke engines capable of sustained driving at speeds above {{cvt|55|mph|km/h|0}}.

Packard's image was increasingly seen as dowdy and old-fashioned, unappealing to younger customers. Surveys found that nearly 75% of Packard customers had owned previous Packards and few new buyers were attracted to the make. Compounding this problem was the company's geriatric leadership. The Packard board of directors by the early 1950s had an average age of 67. In 1948, Alvin Macauley, born during the [[Grant Administration]], had stepped down as chairman. Hugh Ferry decided to hire an outsider as president. He recruited [[James J. Nance|James Nance]] from appliance manufacturer Hotpoint. At 52, Nance was more than a decade younger than the youngest Packard executive.

One reason for the aged leadership of Packard was the company's lack of a pension plan for executives (rank-and-file workers had a pension plan per their [[United Auto Workers]] contract). As a result, Packard executives were reluctant to retire with no source of income other than a [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] payment, thus blocking younger men from coming to power in the company. One of James Nance's first actions as president was creating a pension plan to induce Packard executives to retire. Nance worked to snag Korean War military contracts and turn around Packard's badly diluted image. He declared that Packard would cease producing mid-priced cars and build only luxury models to compete with Cadillac. As part of this strategy, Nance unveiled a low-production (only 750 made) model for 1953, the [[Packard Caribbean|Caribbean]] convertible. Competing directly with the other specialty convertibles marketed that year, ([[Buick Skylark]], [[Oldsmobile Starfire#Concept car (1953)|Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta]], [[Cadillac Eldorado]], and [[Chrysler New Yorker#1949–1954|Chrysler New Yorker Deluxe]]), it was equally well-received and outsold its competition. Nevertheless, overall sales declined in 1953. While the limited edition luxury models such as the Caribbean convertible and the [[Packard Patrician|Patrician]] 400 Sedan, and the [[Derham Body Company|Derham]] custom formal sedan brought back some prestige from past Packards, the "high pocket" styling introduced two model years prior was no longer drawing buyers for Packer's volume models. Furthermore, Packard's build quality also began slipping during this period as employee morale decreased.

[[File:1953 Packard Caribbean convertible, Water Mill.jpg|thumb|1953 Packard Caribbean convertible]]

While American independent manufacturers like Packard did well during the early postwar period, supply had caught up with demand and by the early 1950s they were increasingly challenged as the domestic "Big Three"—[[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]—battled intensely for sales in the economy, medium-priced, and luxury markets.<ref>{{cite book |last=Flammang |first=James M. |title=Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history |year=1994 |publisher=Publications International |isbn=978-0-7853-0778-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z5TAAAAMAAJ&q=frantic+1953-54+Ford/GM+price+war |access-date=2012-01-31 |page=278 |archive-date=2016-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514100309/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z5TAAAAMAAJ&q=frantic+1953-54+Ford%2FGM+price+war |url-status=live}}</ref> Those independents that remained in business in the early 1950s, merged. In 1953, [[Kaiser Motors|Kaiser]] merged with [[Willys]] to become Kaiser-Willys. Nash and [[Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson]] became [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC). The strategy for these mergers included cutting costs and strengthening their sales organizations to meet the intense competition from the Big Three.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860075,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222130620/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860075,00.html |archive-date=December 22, 2008 |title=Time Clock, Oct. 12, 1953 |magazine=Time |date=October 12, 1953 |access-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref>

In 1953–54, Ford and GM waged a brutal sales war, cutting prices and forcing cars on dealers. While this had little effect on either company, it damaged independent automakers. Nash's president [[George W. Mason]] thus proposed that the four major independents (Nash, Hudson, Packard, and Studebaker) merge into one firm [[American Motors Corporation]] (AMC). Mason held informal discussions with Nance to outline his [[strategic planning|strategic vision]], and an agreement was reached for AMC to buy Packard's Ultramatic transmissions and V8 engines. They were used in 1955 Hudsons and [[Nash Motors|Nashes]].

It did not help that Chrysler and Ford waged a campaign of "stealing" Packard dealerships during the early 1950s. Consequently, Packard's dealer network became smaller and more scattered which made it even more difficult to sell Packard vehicles.

Although [[Korean War]] defense contracts brought in badly-needed revenue, the war ended in 1953 and the new Secretary of Defense [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] began cutting defense contracts from all automotive manufacturers other than GM, where he had been president.

Packard's last major development was the Torsion-Level [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] by Bill Allison, dubbed ''Torsion Level Ride''. The front and rear suspensions on each side of the car side are interconnected by a long torsion bar. This design reduced pitching while allowing for low spring rates, which imbued Packards with a ride that was soft yet controlled. Additionally, this suspension featured an electro-mechanical compensator or "levilizer" that kept the car level regardless of passenger or trunk loading.<ref>{{cite web |last=McFarland |first=Forest R. |date=1955 |title=The New Packard Torsion Level Suspension |url=https://packardinfo.com/xoops/html/downloads/SAE_Torsion.pdf |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306060940/https://packardinfo.com/xoops/html/downloads/SAE_Torsion.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1954 |title=Out of the Future |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sz0RZUySk0 |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306060938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sz0RZUySk0&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>