Editing Overseas Chinese (section)

==Terminology==
'''{{zh|p = Huáqiáo|labels = no}}''' ({{zh|s=华侨|t=華僑}}) refers to people of Chinese citizenship residing outside of either the [[China|PRC]] or [[Republic of China|ROC (Taiwan)]]. The government of China realized that the overseas Chinese could be an asset, a source of foreign investment and a bridge to overseas knowledge; thus, it began to recognize the use of the term Huaqiao.<ref name="wang">{{cite book|last=Wang|first=Gungwu|chapter=Upgrading the migrant: neither huaqiao nor huaren|year= 1994|publisher=Chinese Historical Society of America|title=Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1996|isbn=978-0-9614198-9-9|page=4|quote=In its own way, it [Chinese government] has upgraded its migrants from a ragbag of malcontents, adventurers, and desperately poor laborers to the status of respectable and valued nationals whose loyalty was greatly appreciated.}}</ref>

Ching-Sue Kuik renders {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|huáqiáo}} in English as "the Chinese [[wikt:sojourner|sojourner]]" and writes that the term is "used to disseminate, reinforce, and perpetuate a monolithic and essentialist Chinese identity" by both the PRC and the ROC.<ref name="ChingSueKuik">{{cite thesis|last=Kuik|first=Ching-Sue (Gossamer)|year=2013|title=Un/Becoming Chinese: Huaqiao, The Non-perishable Sojourner Reinvented, and Alterity of Chineseness|degree=PhD|chapter=Introduction|page=2|publisher= [[University of Washington]]|oclc=879349650|chapter-url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/23534/Kuik_washington_0250E_12080.pdf|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005190404/https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/23534/Kuik_washington_0250E_12080.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2020}}</ref>

The modern informal internet term {{zh|p = [[haigui]]|labels = no}} ({{zh|s=海归|t=海歸|labels=no}}) refers to returned overseas Chinese and ''guīqiáo qiáojuàn'' ({{zh|s=归侨侨眷|t=歸僑僑眷|labels=no}}) to their returning relatives.<ref name="Barabantseva">{{cite journal|title = Who Are 'Overseas Chinese Ethnic Minorities'? China's Search for Transnational Ethnic Unity |first=Elena|last=Barabantseva|journal=Modern China|year=2012|volume=31|issue=1|pages=78–109|doi = 10.1177/0097700411424565|s2cid=145221912}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Why are the 归侨侨眷 not themselves 海归?|date=August 2020}}

{{zh|p = Huáyì|labels = no}} ({{zh|s=华裔|t=華裔|labels=no}}) refers to people of Chinese descent or [[ancestry]] residing outside of China, regardless of citizenship.<ref name=pan>{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Pan|editor1-first=Lynn|editor1-link=Lynn Pan|article=Huaqiao|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|date= 1999|access-date=17 March 2009|isbn=0674252101|lccn=98035466|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/reference/panenc/huaqiao.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317060519/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/reference/panenc/huaqiao.html|archive-date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Another often-used term is {{zh|t=海外華人|p=Hǎiwài Huárén|labels=no}} or simply {{zh|t=華人|p=Huárén|labels=no}}. It is often used by the [[Government of China|Government of the People's Republic of China]] to refer to people of Chinese ethnicities who live outside the PRC, regardless of citizenship (they can become citizens of the country outside China by naturalization).

Overseas Chinese who are ethnic [[Han Chinese]], such as [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Fuzhou people|Hokchew]], [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]] or [[Teochew people|Teochew]] refer to themselves as {{zhi|c=唐人}} (Tángrén).{{efn|{{zh|j=tong4 jan4|poj=Tn̂g-lâng}}; [[Fuzhou dialect|Hokchew]]: ''Toung ning''; [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]: ''Tong nyin''}} Literally, it means ''Tang people'', a reference to [[Tang dynasty]] China when it was ruling. This term is commonly used by the [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Fuzhou people|Hokchew]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]] and [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] as a colloquial reference to the Chinese people and has little relevance to the ancient dynasty. For example, in the early 1850s when Chinese shops opened on Sacramento St. in [[San Francisco]], California, United States, the Chinese emigrants, mainly from the [[Pearl River Delta]] west of [[Guangzhou|Canton]], called it ''Tang People Street'' ({{zhi|c=唐人街}}){{efn|{{lang-zh|p=Tángrénjiē|j=tong4 jan4 gaai1}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoy |first1=William J |title=Chinatown derives its own street names |journal=California Folklore Quarterly |volume=2 |year=1943 |issue=April |pages=71–75|doi=10.2307/1495551 |jstor=1495551}}</ref><ref name="yung2006" />{{rp|13}} and the settlement became known as ''Tang People Town'' ({{zhi|c=唐人埠}}){{efn|{{lang-zh|p=Tángrénbù|j=tong4 jan4 fau4}}}} or Chinatown.<ref name="yung2006">{{cite book |last1=Yung |first1=Judy and the Chinese Historical Society of America |title=San Francisco's Chinatown |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-07385-3130-4}}</ref>{{rp|9–40}}

The term '''{{zhi|p=shǎoshù mínzú}}''' ({{zhi|s=少数民族|t=少數民族}}) is added to the various terms for the overseas Chinese to indicate those who would be considered [[ethnic minorities in China]]. The terms '''{{zhi|p=shǎoshù mínzú huáqiáo huárén}}''' and '''{{zhi|p=shǎoshù mínzú hǎiwài qiáobāo}}''' ({{zhi|s=少数民族海外侨胞|t=少數民族海外僑胞}}) are all in usage. The [[Overseas Chinese Affairs Office]] of the PRC does not distinguish between Han and ethnic minority populations for official policy purposes.<ref name="Barabantseva"/> For example, members of the [[Tibetan people]] may travel to China on passes granted to certain people of Chinese descent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions|url=https://archive.org/details/authenticatingti00anne|url-access=registration|author1=Blondeau, Anne-Marie|author2=Buffetrille, Katia|author3=Wei Jing|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/authenticatingti00anne/page/127 127]}}</ref> Various estimates of the Chinese emigrant minority population include 3.1 million (1993),<ref>{{cite journal|first=Biao|last=Xiang|year=2003|title=Emigration from China: a sending country perspective|journal=International Migration|volume=41|issue=3|pages=21–48|doi=10.1111/1468-2435.00240}}</ref> 3.4 million (2004),<ref>{{cite book|first=Heman|last=Zhao|year=2004|title=少數民族華僑華人研究|trans-title=A Study of Overseas Chinese Ethnic Minorities|location=Beijing|publisher=華僑出版社}}</ref> 5.7 million (2001, 2010),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Anshan|year=2001|script-title=zh:'華人移民社群的移民身份與少數民族'研討會綜述|trans-title=Symposium on the Migrant Statuses of Chinese Migrant Communities and Ethnic Minorities|journal=華僑華人歷史研究|language=zh|volume=4|pages=77–78}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Canjin|last2=Yu|first2=Linlin|year=2010|script-title=zh:少數民族華僑華人對我國構建'和諧邊疆'的影響及對策分析|trans-title=Analysis of the Influence of and Strategy Towards Overseas Chinese Ethnic Minorities in the Implementation of "Harmonious Borders"|journal=甘肅社會科學|language=zh|volume=1|pages=136–139}}</ref> or approximately one tenth of all Chinese emigrants (2006, 2011).<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:東干文化研究|last=Ding|first=Hong|publisher=中央民族學院出版社|year=1999|location=Beijing|page=63|language=zh|trans-title=The study of Dungan culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.qq.com/a/20110310/002046.htm|script-title=zh:在資金和財力上支持對海外少數民族僑胞宣傳|date=10 March 2011|publisher=人民網|language=zh|trans-title=On finances and resources to support information dissemination towards overseas Chinese ethnic minorities|access-date=24 December 2012|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234650/http://news.qq.com/a/20110310/002046.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Cross-border ethnic groups ({{zhi|s=跨境民族|p=kuàjìng mínzú}}) are not considered Chinese emigrant minorities unless they left China ''after'' the establishment of an independent state on China's border.<ref name="Barabantseva"/>

Some ethnic groups who have historic connections with China, such as the [[Hmong people|Hmong]], may not or may identify themselves as Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4r29n9jg;NAAN=13030&doc.view=content&chunk.id=ch04&toc.depth=1&brand=oac4&anchor.id=0|title=A study of Southeast Asian youth in Philadelphia: A final report|website=Oac.cdlib.org|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234841/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4r29n9jg;NAAN=13030&doc.view=content&chunk.id=ch04&toc.depth=1&brand=oac4&anchor.id=0|url-status=live}}</ref>