Editing Outline of linguistics (section)

==Branches of linguistics==

=== Subfields of linguistics ===
* General linguistics
** [[Phonetics]] – the study of the speech faculty
** [[Phonology]] – the usage of vocalized sounds and systems of sounds to form language
** [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]] – the property of sound and meaning dynamics in language
** [[Syntax]] – the property of grammar that governs sentence structure 
** [[Semantics]] – the study of meaning as encoded in grammar
** [[Pragmatics]] – the study of how context contributes to meaning 
** [[Graphemics]] – the study of writing systems
*** [[Graphetics]] – the study of writing shapes as assigned to sounds or ideas
* [[Theoretical linguistics]] – the study of language as an abstract object
** [[Generative linguistics]] – an approach which seeks to ground grammar in a specialized language module
** [[Formalism (linguistics)]] – the theory of language as a formal system with mathematical-logical rules and a formal grammar
** [[Functional linguistics]] – language as used and coming from use
** [[Quantitative linguistics]] – the study of quantitative language laws and corresponding general theories
** [[Formal semantics (natural language)|Formal semantics]] – the study of semantics through formal logic-based models
* [[Linguistic description|Descriptive linguistics]] – describing how a particular language is used
** [[Anthropological linguistics]] – ''the place of language in its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and maintaining cultural practices and societal structures''
** [[Historical linguistics]] – study of historical language change over time 
*** [[Comparative linguistics]] – comparing languages to find similarities and historical connections
** [[Etymology]] – the study of word histories and origins
** [[Lexicology]] – the study of vocabularies and the structural relationships between many different words
** [[Sociolinguistics]] – the study of society's effects on language
** [[Discourse analysis]] – analysis of language use in [[Text (literary theory)|texts]] (spoken, written, or signed)
** [[Linguistic typology]] – comparative study of the similarities and differences between language structures in the world's languages.
* [[Applied linguistics]] – finding solutions to real-life problems related to language
** [[Computational linguistics]] – the use of computation applied to language databasing, analysis, translation, and synthesis
** [[Forensic linguistics]] – language science applied to the processes of law and justice
** [[Internet linguistics]] – the study of language usage on the Internet 
** [[Language assessment]] – assessing first or second language faculty in individuals 
** [[Language documentation]] – comprehensive description of the grammar and use practices of languages of a particular group
** [[Language revitalization]] – ''is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one''
** [[Language education]] – teaching specific language and language science
** [[Linguistic anthropology]] – ''study of how language influences social life''
* [[Psycholinguistics]] – ''is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language''
** [[Cognitive linguistics]] – an approach which seeks to ground grammar in general cognition
** [[Language acquisition]] – the study of how children and adults acquire language knowledge and ability
** [[Language development]] – the study of early language formation
** [[Second-language acquisition]] – the study of how a second language is learned

==== Subfields, by linguistic structures studied ====
Sub-fields of structure-focused linguistics include:

* [[Phonetics]] – study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception
* [[Phonology]] – study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning
* [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]] – study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified
* [[Syntax]] – study of how words combine to form grammatical [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]s
* [[Semantics]] – study of the meaning of words ([[lexical semantics]]) and fixed word combinations ([[phraseology]]), and how these [[compositionality|compose]] to form the [[meaning (linguistics)|meaning]]s of sentences
* [[Pragmatics]] – study of how [[utterance]]s are used in [[speech acts|communicative acts]] – and the role played by context and nonlinguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning
* [[Discourse analysis]] – analysis of language use in [[Text (literary theory)|texts]] (spoken, written, or signed)
* [[Linguistic typology]] – comparative study of the similarities and differences between language structures in the world's languages.

==== Subfields, by nonlinguistic factors studied ====
* [[Applied linguistics]] – study of language-related issues applied in everyday life, notably language policies, planning, and education. ([[Constructed language]] fits under Applied linguistics.)
* [[Biolinguistics]] – the study of the biological and evolutionary components of human language.
* [[Clinical linguistics]] – application of linguistic theory to the field of [[Speech-Language Pathology]].
* [[Computational linguistics]] – study of linguistic issues in a way that is 'computationally responsible', i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable computational properties implementations.
* [[Developmental linguistics]] – study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly [[Language acquisition|the acquisition of language]] in childhood.
* [[Historical linguistics]] – study of language change over time. Also called diachronic linguistics.
* [[Language geography]] – study of the geographical distribution of languages and linguistic features.
* [[Neurolinguistics]] – study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication.
* [[Psycholinguistics]] – study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.
* [[Sociolinguistics]] – study of variation in language and its relationship with social factors.
* [[Stylistics (linguistics)|Stylistics]] – study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.

===Other subfields of linguistics===
* [[Contrastive linguistics]]
* [[Corpus linguistics]]
* [[Dialectology]]
* [[Discourse analysis]]
* [[Grammar]]
* [[Interlinguistics]]
* [[Language acquisition|Language learning]]
* [[Language education|Language teaching]]
* [[Language for specific purposes]]
* [[Lexicology]]
* [[Orthography]]
* [[Rhetoric]]
* [[Text linguistics]]

===Schools, movements, and approaches of linguistics===
* [[Cognitive linguistics]]
* [[Copenhagen School (linguistics)#Danish functional school|Danish functional linguistics]]
* [[Functionalism (linguistics)|Functionalism]]
* [[Generative grammar]]
* [[Geneva school (linguistics)|Geneva School]]
* [[Interactional linguistics]]
* [[Kazan School]]
* [[Neogrammarian]]
* [[Prague linguistic circle]]
* [[Prescription and description]]
* [[Soviet linguistics]]
* [[Stratificational linguistics]]
* [[Structural linguistics]]
* [[Systemic functional linguistics]]
* [[Tagmemics]]