Editing Oud (section)

==Names and etymology==
{{See also|Rud|Agarwood|label2=Oud}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = The oud [[plectrum]], called risha in Arabic, mızrap in Turkish and zakhme in Persian
}}The {{langx|ar|العود}} (''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-ʿūd or oud}}''<span style="margin-left:1px">)</span> literally denotes a thin piece of wood similar to the shape of a straw. It may refer to the wooden [[plectrum]] traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguishes it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barbat|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica - Barbat|last=During|first=Jean|date=1988-12-15|publisher=Iranicaonline.org|access-date=2012-02-04}}</ref> [[Henry George Farmer]] considers the similitude between ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-ʿūd}} ''and ''al-ʿawda'' ("the return" – of bliss).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farmer|first=Henry George|year=1939|title=The Structure of the Arabian and Persian Lute in the Middle Ages|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|issue=1|pages=41–51 (49)|quote=... from a work entitled Kitāb kashf al-humūūm ... 'ūd (lute) is derived from al-'awda ("the return" meaning the days of pleasure may return [in the joy of the music of the lute] ...)|jstor=25201835}}</ref>

Multiple theories have been proposed for the origin of the Arabic name '''oud'''. The word oud  (عود) means "from wood" and "stick" in Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_88190O7gG8C&q=OUD+MEANS+WOOD+ARABIC&pg=PT126 | title=Practicing: A Musician's Return to Music| isbn=9780307489760| last1=Kurtz| first1=Glenn| date=2008-11-19| publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsNP3bAH_3MC&q=OUD+MEANS+WOOD+ARABIC&pg=PA98 | title=Egypt| isbn=9781426205217| last1=Humphrey| first1=Andrew| year=2009| publisher=National Geographic Books}}</ref> In 1940 [[Curt Sachs]] contradicted or refined that idea, saying oud meant ''flexible stick'', not wood.<ref name=sachs1>{{cite book |title= The History of Musical Instruments |last=Sachs |first= Kurt |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |place= New York |date= 1940|pages= 253|quote=the principal meaning of this word ['ūd] is not 'wood,' as generally supposed, but 'flexible stick'.}}</ref> A western scholar of Islamic musical subjects, Eckhard Neubauer, suggested that ''oud'' may be an Arabic borrowing from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word ''rōd'' or ''rūd'', which meant string.<ref>{{cite book |author= Douglas Alton Smith |title= ''A History of the Lute from Antiquity to the Renaissance'' |page= 9 |publisher= Lute Society of America (LSA)|date= 2002|isbn= 0-9714071-0-X}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pourjavady |first1=Amir Hossein |title=Review of The Science of Music in Islam. Vols. 1-2, Studies in Oriental Music; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 3, Arabisch Musiktheorie von den Anfängen bis zum 6./12. Jahrhundert, Eckhard Neubauer; The Science of Music in Islam. Vol. 4, Der Essai sur la musique orientale von Charles Fonton mit Zeichnungen von Adanson, Eckhard Neubauer, Fuat Sezgin |journal=Asian Music |date=2000 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=206–209 |doi=10.2307/834339 |jstor=834339 }}</ref> Another researcher, archaeomusicologist [[Richard Dumbrill (musicologist)|Richard J. Dumbrill]], suggests that ''rud'' came from the Sanskrit ''rudrī'' (रुद्री, meaning "string instrument") and transferred to Arabic (a Semitic language) through a Semitic language.<ref name=dumbrill>{{cite book|last=Dumbrill|first = Richard J.|date=1998|title=The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East|location=London|publisher=Tadema Press|page=319|quote='rud' comes from the Sanskrit 'rudrī', which means 'stringed instrument' ... The word spreads on the one hand via the Indo-European medium into the Spanish 'rota'; French 'rotte'; Welsh 'crwth', etc, and on the other, via the Semitic medium, into Arabic ‘ud; Ugaritic ‘d; Spanish 'laúd'; German 'Laute'; French 'luth' ...}}</ref> While the authors of these statements about the meanings or origins of the word may have accessed linguistic sources, they were not linguists.

However, another theory according to Semitic language scholars, is that the Arabic ''ʿoud'' is derived from Syriac ''ʿoud-a'', meaning "wooden stick" and "burning wood"—cognate to [[Biblical Hebrew]] ''’ūḏ'', referring to a stick used to stir logs in a fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/dosearch.php?searchkey=17090&language=id|title=Search Entry|website=www.assyrianlanguages.org|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biblehub.com/hebrew/181.htm|title=Strong's Hebrew: 181. אוּד (ud) – a brand, firebrand|website=biblehub.com|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

Names for the instrument in different languages include {{langx|ar|عود}} ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿūd or ʿoud}}''&nbsp;({{IPA|ar|ʕu(ː)d, ʢuːd}}, plural: {{lang|ar|أعواد}} ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|aʿwād}}''<span style="margin-left:1px">),</span> {{langx|hy|ուդ}}, [[Syriac language|Syriac]]: {{lang|aii|ܥܘܕ}} ''{{transliteration|aii|ūd}}'', {{langx|el|ούτι}} ''{{transliteration|el|oúti}}''<span style="margin-left:2px">,</span> {{langx|he|עוּד}} ''{{transliteration|he|ud}}''<span style="margin-left:1px">,</span> {{langx|fa|بربت}} ''{{transliteration|fa|barbat}}'' (although the [[Barbat (lute)|barbat]] is a different lute instrument), {{langx|tr|ud}} or {{lang|tr|ut}}<span style="margin-left:1px">,</span><ref>{{Cite web |title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'te Söz Arama |url=http://tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA&kelime=ut |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311013511/http://tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA&kelime=ut|archivedate=March 11, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]: ''ud''<span style="margin-left:1px">, and</span> {{langx|so|cuud}} 𐒋𐒓𐒆 or ''kaban'' 𐒏𐒖𐒁𐒖𐒒<span style="margin-left:1px">.</span>