Editing Ottoman Turks (section)

== History ==

{{Further|History of the Turkish people}}
[[File:I Osman.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ottoman miniature]] from 1579/1580 depicting [[Osman I]], who founded the [[Ottoman dynasty|House of Osman]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] around 1299. Located at [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi]] in the city of [[Istanbul]].]]

=== Migration to Anatolia from Central Asia ===
The Ottomans first became known to [[Occident|the West]] in the 13th century, when they migrated from their homeland in [[Central Asia]] westward to the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rum]] in [[Anatolia]]. The Ottoman Turks established a [[Anatolian beyliks|beylik]] in Western Anatolia under [[Ertugrul]], the capital of which was {{lang|tr|[[Söğüt]]}}. Ertugrul, leader of the nomadic [[Kayı tribe]], first established a principality as part of the decaying [[Seljuk Empire]]. His son [[Osman I|Osman]] expanded the principality; the polity and the people were named "Ottomans" by Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son [[Orhan]] expanded the growing realm into an empire, taking [[Nicaea]] (present-day [[İznik]]) and crossed the [[Dardanelles]] in 1362. All coins unearthed in {{lang|tr|Söğüt}} during the two centuries before Orhan bear the names of [[Ilkhanate]] rulers. The Seljuks were under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanate, and later the Turco-Mongol conqueror [[Timur|Tamerlane]]. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]] captured the reduced [[Byzantine Empire]]'s well-defended capital, [[Constantinople]] in 1453.<ref>Bréhier, Louis René. (1912). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Turkish Empire|Turkish Empire]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''15'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Tolan, John |author2=Veinstein, Gilles |author3=Henry Laurens |title="Europe and the Islamic World: A History".|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|pages=67–68}}</ref>

=== Ottoman Empire until World War I ===
The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the [[Balkans]], the [[Caucasus]], the [[Middle East]] (excluding Iran), and [[North Africa]] over the course of several centuries, with an advanced [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|army]] and [[Ottoman Navy|navy]]. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|partitioned]]. Following the successful [[Turkish War of Independence]] that ended with the [[Turkish national movement]] retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|abolished the Ottoman sultanate]] on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the [[Republic of Turkey]] on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] and negotiated the significantly more favorable [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]], assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed ''[[Misak-ı Milli]]'' (National Pact).

=== Definition of a Turk ===
Not all Ottoman Empire citizens were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were [[Turkish people|Turks]], but starting from 1924, every citizen of the newly found Turkish Republic became considered as "Turk". Article 88 of [[Turkish Constitution of 1924|1924 Constitution]], which was based on the [[Turkish Constitution of 1921|1921 Constitution]], states that the name Turk, as a political term, shall be understood to include all citizens of the Turkish Republic, without distinction of, or reference to race or religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=template&id=20&lang=0|title=Turkish Constitution of 1924|language=Turkish|website=T.C. Anayasa Mahkemesi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826235341/http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?l=template&id=20&lang=0|archive-date=2011-08-26}}</ref>