Editing Osprey (section)

==Taxonomy==
The osprey was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] under the name ''Falco haliaetus'' in his landmark [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=91 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727000 }}</ref><ref name=mayr>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=279 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108919 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as Europe, but in 1761 he restricted the locality to Sweden.<ref name=mayr/><ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1761 | title=Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes | edition=2nd | location=Stockholmiae | publisher=Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii | language=Latin | page=22 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32170491 }}</ref> The osprey is the only species placed in the [[genus]] ''Pandion'' that was introduced by the French zoologist [[Marie Jules César Savigny]] in 1809.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Savigny | first=Marie Jules César | author-link=Marie Jules César Savigny | year=1809 | title=Description de l'Égypte: Histoire naturelle | volume=1 | publisher=Imprimerie impériale | location=Paris | language=French | pages=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15989458 69], [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15989484 95]}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1  | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=13 June 2024 }}</ref> The genus is the sole member of the family Pandionidae.<ref name=ioc/> The species has always presented a riddle to taxonomists, but here it is treated as the sole [[Extant taxon|living member]] of the family Pandionidae, and the family listed in its traditional place as part of the order [[Accipitriformes]]. Other schemes place it alongside the hawks and eagles in the family [[Accipitridae]].<ref name=mayr/> The [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]] has placed it together with the other diurnal raptors in a greatly enlarged [[Ciconiiformes]], but this results in an unnatural [[paraphyletic]] classification.<ref name="Salzman1993" /> [[Molecular phylogenetic]] analysis has found that the family Pandionidae is [[sister taxon|sister]] to the family Accipitridae. It is estimated that the two families diverged around 50.8 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Catanach | first1=T.A. | last2=Halley | first2=M.R. | last3=Pirro | first3=S. | date=2024 | title=Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus ''Accipiter'' (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) | journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | pages=blae028 | doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae028}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="190">
File:Pandion haliaetus (Nagarhole, 2010) (cropped).jpg|Eurasian osprey <br> <small>(''P. h. haliaetus'')</small>, <br> in [[India]]
File:Osprey mg 9605 (cropped).jpg|American osprey <br> <small>(''P. h. carolinensis'')</small>, <br> in the [[United States|USA]]
File:Osprey (6916938314) (cropped).jpg|Caribbean osprey <br><small>(''P. h. ridgwayi'')</small>, <br>in [[the Bahamas]]
File:Eastern Osprey (Pandion cristatus) at Point Grey, Western Australia, August 2023 08 (cropped).jpg|Australasian osprey <br> <small>(''P. h. cristatus'')</small>, <br>in [[Australia]]
</gallery>The osprey is unusual in that it is a sole living species that occurs nearly worldwide. Even the few [[subspecies]] are not unequivocally separable. There are four generally recognised subspecies, although differences are small, and [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] lists only the first three.<ref name="ITIS" />
* ''Pandion haliaetus haliaetus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> – the Eurasian osprey is the nominate subspecies that occurs across the [[Palearctic realm]] and several parts of [[sub-Saharan Africa]] from the [[Azores]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]] east to Japan and [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], throughout [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], the Indian subcontinent, [[Madagascar]] and much of the African coastline.<ref name="Tesky" />
* ''P. haliaetus carolinensis'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1788)</small>–  the American or North American osprey occurs from Alaska and Canada to much of [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], except Chile and Patagonia. It is larger, darker bodied and has a paler breast than the European osprey.<ref name="Tesky" />
* ''P. haliaetus ridgwayi'' <small>[[Charles Johnson Maynard|Maynard]], 1887</small> – Ridgway's osprey occurs in the [[Caribbean]] islands. It has a very pale head and breast and a weak eye mask.<ref name="Tesky" /> It is non-migratory. Its scientific name commemorates [[Robert Ridgway]].<ref name="Barrow1998" />
* ''[[Pandion haliaetus cristatus|P. haliaetus cristatus]]'' <small>([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816)</small> – the Australasian osprey is the smallest and most distinctive subspecies that occurs along the entire marine coastline of Australia and some larger freshwater rivers as well as in [[Tasmania]]. It is not migratory.<ref name="Tesky" /> Some authorities have assigned it full species-status<ref name="Christidis2008" /> as ''[[Pandion cristatus]]'', also known as the '''eastern osprey'''.<ref name="avibase_cristatus" /> A 2018 genetic study using [[microsatellite]] data showed only low [[genetic divergence]] between ''cristatus'' and the other subspecies.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Monti | first1=F. | last2=Delfour | first2=F. | last3=Arnal | first3=V. | last4=Zenboudji | first4=S. | last5=Duriez | first5=O. | last6=Montgelard | first6=C. | date=2018 | title=Genetic connectivity among osprey populations and consequences for conservation: philopatry versus dispersal as key factors | journal=Conservation Genetics | volume=19 | issue=4 | pages=839–851 | doi=10.1007/s10592-018-1058-7| bibcode=2018ConG...19..839M }}</ref>

===Fossil record===
Two [[extinct]] species were named from the fossil record.<ref name="Avibase" /> ''Pandion homalopteron'' described by Stuart L. Warter in 1976 was found in marine [[Middle Miocene]] deposits of the [[Barstovian]] age in the southern part of [[California]]. The second species ''[[Pandion lovensis]]'' was described by [[Jonathan J. Becker]] in 1985 and found in [[Florida]]; it dates to the Late [[Clarendonian]] and possibly represents a separate lineage from that of ''P. homalopteron'' and ''P. haliaetus''. A number of claw fossils have been recovered from Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in Florida and [[South Carolina]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

The oldest recognized family Pandionidae fossils were recovered from the Oligocene age [[Jebel Qatrani Formation]] in [[Faiyum Governorate]], [[Egypt]]. However, they are not complete enough to assign to a specific genus.<ref name="Olson1985" /> Another Pandionidae claw fossil was recovered from [[Early Oligocene]] deposits in the [[Mainz]] basin, Germany, and was described in 2006 by [[Gerald Mayr]].<ref name="Mayr2006" />

===Etymology===
The genus name ''[[Pandion (bird)|Pandion]]'' derives from ''Pandíōn'' {{lang|grc|Πανδίων}}, the [[Greek mythology|mythical]] Greek [[king of Athens]] and grandfather of [[Theseus]], [[Pandion II]]. The species name ''haliaetus'' ({{langx|la|haliaeetus}})<ref>{{L&S|haliaeetos|ref}}</ref> comes from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἁλιάετος}} ''haliáetos'' "sea-eagle" (also {{lang|grc|ἁλιαίετος}} ''haliaietos'') from the combining form {{lang|grc|ἁλι-}} ''hali-'' of {{lang|grc|ἅλς }} ''hals'' "sea" and {{lang|grc|ἀετός}} ''aetos'', "eagle".<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n185 185], 290–291}}</ref><ref name="LSJ" />

The origins of ''osprey'' are obscure;<ref name="Livingston1943" /> the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-French]] ''ospriet'' and the [[Medieval Latin]] ''avis prede'' "bird of prey," from the [[Latin]] ''avis praedae'' though the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] notes a connection with the [[Latin]] ''ossifraga'' or "bone breaker" of [[Pliny the Elder]].<ref name="Morris1969" /><ref name="etymonline" /> However, this term referred to the [[bearded vulture]].<ref name="OED" />