Editing Osip Mandelstam (section)

==Life and work==
Mandelstam was born on 14 January 1891<ref name="russian_newspaper">{{cite web |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2021/05/21/na-uglu-mandelshtama-i-messerera |title=На углу Мандельштама и Мессерера |author=Tararak, К. |date= 21 May 2021 |website=Novaya Gazeta  |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=ru |quote=В самый день его рождения (тогда считалось, что это 15 января; лишь недавно мандельштамоведы уточнили — поэт родился в Варшаве 14 января 1891 года) на здании Дома Герцена (современного Литературного института) открыли мемориальную доску работы скульптора Дм. Шаховского.}}</ref> in [[Warsaw]], [[Congress Poland]], [[Russian Empire]], to a wealthy [[Polish-Jewish]] family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=1938: A poet who mocked Stalin dies in the gulag|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1938-a-poet-who-mocked-stalin-dies-in-the-gulag-1.5478618|access-date=8 June 2020|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref> His father, a leather merchant by trade, was able to receive a dispensation freeing the family from the [[Pale of Settlement]]. Soon after Osip's birth, they moved to [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1900, Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishev School. His first poems were printed in 1907 in the school's almanac. As a schoolboy, he was introduced by a friend to members of the illegal [[Socialist Revolutionary Party]], including [[Mark Natanson]], and the revolutionary [[Grigory Gershuni]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McSmith |first1=Andy |title=Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters – from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein – Under Stalin |date=2015 |publisher=The New Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-62097-079-9 |page=101}}</ref>

In April 1908, Mandelstam decided to enter the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in [[Paris]] to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the [[University of Heidelberg]] in Germany. In 1911, he decided to continue his education at the [[University of Saint Petersburg]], from which Jews were excluded. He converted to [[Methodism]] and entered the university the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aalto.vbgcity.ru/node/72 |title="Интимная полутайна крещения Мандельштама" &#124; МАУК Библиотека А.Аалто |access-date=27 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316142516/http://aalto.vbgcity.ru/node/72 |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> He did not complete a formal degree.<ref name=Charny>{{Cite web |url=https://www.litvaksig.org/html/onlinejournals/mandelshtam.htm |title="Osip Emilyevich Mandelshtam (1889–1938) Russian Poet"|website=LitvakSIG Lithuanian-Jewish Special Interest Group}}</ref>

Mandelstam's poetry, acutely [[Populism|populist]] in spirit after the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|first Russian revolution]] in 1905, became closely associated with [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolist]] imagery. In 1911, he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild", under the formal leadership of [[Nikolai Gumilyov]] and [[Sergei Gorodetsky]]. The nucleus of this group became known as [[Acmeist poetry|Acmeists]]. Mandelstam wrote the manifesto for the new movement: ''The Morning Of Acmeism'' (1913, published in 1919).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mandelshtam's Acmeist Manifesto|last1=Brown|first1=C.|last2=Mandelshtam|first2=O.|journal=Russian Review|volume=24|issue=1|year=1965|pages=46–51|doi=10.2307/126351|jstor=126351}}</ref> In 1913 he published his first collection of poems, ''The Stone'';<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title="It gets people killed": Osip Mandelstam and the perils of writing poetry under Stalin|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/poetry/2017/05/it-gets-people-killed-osip-mandelstam-and-perils-writing-poetry-under-stalin|access-date=8 June 2020|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=9 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> it was reissued in 1916 under the same title, but with additional poems included.