Editing Orrery (section)

==History==
===Ancient===
[[File:Antikythera Fragment A (Front).webp|thumb|[[Antikythera mechanism]], main fragment, {{circa}} 205 to 87&nbsp;BC]]
[[File:Carlo G Croce Astrarium.jpg|thumb|Carlo G Croce, reconstruction of [[Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio|Dondi's Astrarium]], originally built between 1348 and 1364 in [[Padua]]]]
The [[Antikythera mechanism]], discovered in 1901 in a wreck off the Greek island of [[Antikythera]] in the Mediterranean Sea, exhibited the [[diurnal motion]]s of the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], and the five [[planet]]s known to the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]]. It has been dated between 205 to 87&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite journal | last= de Solla| first=Price, Derek |author-link=Derek J. de Solla Price| title=Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 BC| journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society| volume=64 | issue=7 | pages=1–70 (page 19)| year=1974| doi=10.2307/1006146 | jstor=1006146| s2cid=222364275}}</ref><ref name="Carman Evans">{{cite journal|last1=Carman|first1=Christián C.|last2=Evans|first2=James|title=On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|date=15 November 2014|volume=68|issue=6|pages=693–774|doi=10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5|s2cid=120548493|hdl=11336/98820|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141124-JM">{{cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |title=On the Trail of an Ancient Mystery – Solving the Riddles of an Early Astronomical Calculator |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/science/solving-the-riddles-of-an-early-astronomical-calculator.html |date=24 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] | access-date=25 November 2014 }}</ref> The mechanism is considered one of the first orreries.<ref name="HMSO">{{cite book|last=Calvert|first=H. R.|title=Astronomy: Globes Orreries and other Models |publisher=H.M.S.O|location=London|date=1967|asin=B001A9C9SQ}}</ref> It was [[geocentric]] and used as a mechanical calculator to calculate astronomical positions.

[[Cicero]], the Roman philosopher and politician writing in the first century BC, has references describing planetary mechanical models. According to him, the Greek polymaths [[Thales]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cicero |first=Marcus |url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/repub1.shtml |title=de Re Publica I |language=la |quote=dicebat enim Gallus sphaerae illius alterius solidae atque plenae vetus esse inventum, et eam a Thalete Milesio primum esse tornatam, post autem ab Eudoxo Cnidio, discipulo ut ferebat Platonis, eandem illam astris quae caelo inhaererent esse descriptam;}}</ref> and [[Posidonius]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cicero |first=Marcus |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14988 |title=De Natura Deorum |pages=253 |language= |translator-last=Yonge |translator-first=Charles |trans-title=Treatises On The Nature Of The Gods |quote=But if that sphere which was lately made by our friend Posidonius, the regular revolutions of which show the course of the sun, moon, and five wandering stars, as it is every day and night performed, were carried into Scythia or Britain, who, in those barbarous countries, would doubt that that sphere had been made so perfect by the exertion of reason?}}</ref> both constructed a device modeling celestial motion.

===Early Modern===
[[File:Astronomical clock (Venus-Mercury side), Eberhard Baldewein et al, Marburg-Kassel, 1563-1568 - Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon, Dresden - DSC08057.jpg|thumb|Astronomical clock (Venus-Mercury side) by Eberhard Baldewein, 1563&ndash;1568. Exhibit in the [[Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon]] of [[Dresden, Germany]].]]
In 1348, [[Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio|Giovanni Dondi]] built the first known clock driven mechanism of the system. It displays the [[Ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic position]] of the Moon, Sun, [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] according to the complicated [[Geocentric model|geocentric]] Ptolemaic planetary theories.<ref>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=Henry C.|last2=Millburn|first2=John R.|title=Geared to the stars : the evolution of planetariums, orreries, and astronomical clocks|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|location=Toronto|isbn=0-8020-2312-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gearedtostarsevo00king/page/28 28–41]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/gearedtostarsevo00king/page/28}}</ref><ref name=Lloyd>{{cite book|last1=Lloyd|first1=H. Alan|title=Some Outstanding Clocks Over Seven Hundred Years|date=1958|publisher=Leonard Hill Books Limited|location=London|pages=9–24}}</ref> The clock itself is lost, but Dondi left a complete description of its astronomic [[gear train]]s.

As late as 1650, P. Schirleus built a geocentric [[planetarium]] with the Sun as a planet, and with Mercury and Venus revolving around the Sun as its [[Natural satellite|moon]]s.<ref name="EE">{{cite book|last=Brewster|first=David|title=The Edinburgh Encyclopedia |publisher=William Blackwood et al.|location=Edinburgh|date=1830|volume=16|pages=624|chapter=Planetary Machines|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2tTt_NNr2YC&pg=PA646}}</ref>

At the court of [[William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] two complicated astronomic clocks were built in 1561 and 1563–1568. These use four sides to show the ecliptical positions of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Moon, Sun and Dragon (Nodes of the Moon) according to [[Ptolemy]], a calendar, the sunrise and sunset, and an automated [[celestial sphere]] with an animated Sun symbol which, for the first time on a celestial globe, shows the real position of the Sun, including the [[equation of time]].<ref name=Lloyd2>Lloyd (1958), pp. 46–57.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Poulle|first1=Emmanuel|author1-link=Emmanuel Poulle|last2=Sändig|first2=Helmut|last3=Schardin|first3=Joachim|last4=Hasselmeyer|first4=Lothar|title=Die Planetenlaufuhr : ein Meisterwerk der Astronomie und Technik der Renaissance geschaffen von Eberhard Baldewein 1563 - 1568|date=2008|publisher=Dt. Gesellschaft für Chronometrie|location=Stuttgart|isbn=978-3-89870-548-6|edition=1ª|ref=Poulle}}</ref> The clocks are now on display in [[Kassel]] at the Astronomisch-Physikalisches Kabinett and in [[Dresden]] at the [[Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon]].

In ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'', published in Nuremberg in 1543, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] challenged the Western teaching of a geocentric universe in which the Sun revolved daily around the [[Earth]]. He observed that some Greek philosophers such as [[Aristarchus of Samos]] had proposed a heliocentric universe. This simplified the apparent [[epicycle|epicyclic]] motions of the planets, making it feasible to represent the planets' paths as simple circles. This could be modeled by the use of gears. [[Tycho Brahe]]'s improved instruments made precise observations of the skies (1576–1601), and from these [[Johannes Kepler]] (1621) deduced that planets orbited the Sun in [[ellipse]]s. In 1687 [[Isaac Newton]] explained the cause of elliptic motion in his [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|theory of gravitation]].<ref name="Ronan">{{cite book|last=Ronan|first=Colin |title=The Practical Astronomer|publisher=Bloomsbury Books|location=London|orig-year=First published 1981|date=1992|pages=108–112|isbn=1-85471-047-8}}</ref>

===Modern===
[[File:Frederiksborg slot - Museum 20090818 28.JPG|thumb|The Orrery inside the Sphaera Copernicana, designed by Joseph of Gottorp and built by Andreas Bösch, 1653]]
[[File:Wright of Derby, The Orrery.jpg|thumb|''[[A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery]]'' ({{circa|1766}}) by [[Joseph Wright of Derby]]]]
[[File:Two Orreries (Derby Museum & Art Gallery).webm|thumb|Modern working reconstruction of a grand orrery at [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery]] (England)]]
[[File:Planetarium Eise Eisinga in Franeker.jpg|thumb|The orrery built by wool carder [[Eise Eisinga]] from 1774 to 1781 in his living room, the oldest functioning planetarium in the world]]

There is an orrery built by clock makers [[George Graham (clockmaker)|George Graham]] and [[Thomas Tompion]] dated {{circa|1710}} in the [[History of Science Museum, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/object/inv/97810|title=Orrery, by Thomas Tompion and George Graham, London, c. 1710|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> Graham gave the first model, or its design, to the celebrated instrument maker John Rowley of London to make a copy for [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]. Rowley was commissioned to make another copy for his patron [[Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery]], from which the device took its name in English.<ref>{{OED|orrery}}</ref><ref name="ley196502">{{Cite magazine
 |last=Ley
 |first=Willy
 |date=February 1965
 |title=Forerunners of the Planetarium
 |department=For Your Information
 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n02_1964-12#page/n93/mode/2up
 |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
 |pages=87–98
}}</ref> This model was presented to Charles' son John, later the [[John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork|5th Earl of Cork and 5th Earl of Orrery]]. Independently, [[Christiaan Huygens]] published in 1703 details of a heliocentric planetary machine which he had built while living in Paris between 1665 and 1681. He calculated the gear trains needed to represent a year of 365.242 days, and used that to produce the cycles of the principal planets.<ref name="EE"/>

[[Joseph Wright of Derby|Joseph Wright]]'s painting ''[[A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery|A Philosopher giving a Lecture on the Orrery]]'' ({{circa|1766}}), which hangs in the [[Derby Museum and Art Gallery]], depicts a group listening to a lecture by a [[natural philosophy|natural philosopher]]. The Sun in a brass orrery provides the only light in the room. The orrery depicted in the painting has rings, which give it an appearance similar to that of an [[armillary sphere]]. The demonstration was thereby able to depict [[eclipse]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/child.asp?txtKeywords=&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&x1=&y1=&x2=&y2=&scale=&theme=&album=&resource=5230&viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fstandard%2Fdefault%2Easp&originator=&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=&text=&exhibition=1652&offset=0 |title=Revolutionary Players |publisher=Search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk |access-date=2010-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724091137/http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/child.asp?txtKeywords=&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&x1=&y1=&x2=&y2=&scale=&theme=&album=&resource=5230&viewpage=%2Fengine%2Fresource%2Fexhibition%2Fstandard%2Fdefault.asp&originator=&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=&text=&exhibition=1652&offset=0 |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref>

To put this in chronological context, in 1762 [[John Harrison]]'s [[marine chronometer]] first enabled accurate measurement of [[longitude]]. In 1766, astronomer [[Johann Daniel Titius]] first demonstrated that the mean distance of each planet from the Sun could be represented by the following progression:

<math>\frac{4+0}{10},\frac{4+3}{10},\frac{4+6}{10},\frac{4+12}{10},\frac{4+24}{10},...</math>

That is, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.6, 2.8,&nbsp;... The numbers refer to [[astronomical unit]]s, the mean distance between Sun and Earth, which is 1.496 × 10<sup>8</sup> km (93 × 10<sup>6</sup> miles). The Derby Orrery does not show mean distance, but demonstrated the relative planetary movements.

The [[Eisinga Planetarium]] was built from 1774 to 1781 by [[Eise Eisinga]] in his home in [[Franeker]], in the Netherlands. It displays the planets across the width of a room's ceiling, and has been in operation almost continually since it was created.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetarium-friesland.nl/en|title=Welcome - Planetarium Friesland|website=www.planetarium-friesland.nl}}</ref> This orrery is a planetarium in both senses of the word: a complex machine showing planetary orbits, and a theatre for depicting the planets' movement. Eisinga house was bought by the Dutch Royal family who gave him a pension.
[[File:Planetarium in Putnam Gallery 2, 2009-11-24.jpg|thumb|A 1766 Benjamin Martin Orrery, used at Harvard]]

In 1764, Benjamin Martin devised a new type of planetary model, in which the planets were carried on brass arms leading from a series of concentric or coaxial tubes. With this construction it was difficult to make the planets revolve, and to get the moons to turn around the planets. Martin suggested that the conventional orrery should consist of three parts: the planetarium where the planets revolved around the Sun, the [[tellurion]] (also ''tellurian'' or ''tellurium'') which showed the inclined axis of the Earth and how it revolved around the Sun, and the lunarium which showed the eccentric rotations of the Moon around the Earth. In one orrery, these three motions could be mounted on a common table, separately using the central spindle as a prime mover.<ref name="HMSO"/>
<!-- [[File:Planetaire Vatican.jpg|thumb|upright|Orrery ([[Vatican Museums]]).]]
[[File:Wilhelm Schickard.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Wilhelm Schickard]] (1592–1635) holding a "hand planetarium" (orrery) of his own invention]]  -->