Editing Oromo people (section)

==Origins and nomenclature==
[[Historical linguistics]] and comparative ethnology studies suggest that the Oromo people probably originated around the lakes [[Lake Chew Bahir]] and [[Lake Chamo]].<ref name="Taa2006p18">{{cite book|author=Tesema Ta'a|title=The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XwN2JdMYM4C|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05419-5|pages=17–19 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name="Lewis1966"/> They are a [[Cushitic people|Cushitic]] people and prior to their expansions, they inhabited only the region of what is now modern-day north [[Kenya]] and southern Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Library (U.S.) |first=Army |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29oyAQAAIAAJ&dq=galla+northern+kenya+and+southern+Ethiopia&pg=PA49 |title=Africa: Its Problems and Prospects; a Bibliographic Survey |date=1967 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army. |language=en}}</ref> The aftermath of the sixteenth century [[Ethiopian–Adal war]] led Oromos to move to the north.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gikes|first1=Patrick|title=Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State|journal=African Studies|date=2002|volume=2|pages=89–102|publisher=University of Lisbon|url=https://cea.revues.org/1280|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20161107034322/https://cea.revues.org/1280|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter|journal=Frankfurt University Library|issue=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR0OAQAAMAAJ&q=hadiya-sidama+harala-harari|access-date=24 July 2017|year=1989}}</ref> While Oromo people have lived in the region for a long time, the ethnic mixture of peoples who have lived here is unclear.<ref name="Oromo1" /> The Oromos increased their numbers through assimilation (''Meedhicca'', ''Mogasa'' and ''Gudifacha''), as well as the inclusion of mixed peoples (''Gabbaro'').<ref name="Oromo1">{{cite book |author=[[:it:Alessandro Triulzi|Alessandro Triulzi]] |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-596 |title=Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |year=1996 |isbn=978-91-7106-379-3 |editor=Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin and Alessandro Triulzi. |pages=251–256}}</ref> The native names of the territories were replaced by the name of the [[List of Oromo subgroups and clans|Oromo clans]] who settled on it while the indigenous people were assimilated.<ref name="Oromo1" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Mekuria Bulcha, Jan Hultin |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-596 |title=Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |year=1996 |isbn=978-91-7106-379-3 |editor=Paul Trevor William Baxter, Jan Hultin and Alessandro Triulzi. |pages=55–56, 55–56, 85–90}}</ref><ref name="fahlbuschoromo">{{cite book|author=Erwin Fahlbusch|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA157|year=1999|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-90-04-11695-5|pages=157–158}}</ref><ref name="tesema23">{{cite book|author=Tesema Ta'a|title=The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XwN2JdMYM4C |year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05419-5|pages=22–24}}</ref>

According to [[Herbert S. Lewis]], both the Oromo and the [[Somalis|Somali]] people originated in southern Ethiopia but the Somali expanded to the east and north much earlier than the Oromo, and the Oromo lived only in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya until the [[Oromo expansion]] began about 1530.<ref name="Lewis1966" /> Historical evidence suggests that the Oromo people were already established in the southern highlands in or before the 15th century and that at least some Oromo people were interacting with other Ethiopian ethnic groups.<ref name="hassen662" /> According to Alessandro Triulzi, the interactions and encounters between Oromos and Nilo-Saharan groups likely began very early.<ref name="Oromo1" />

Subsequent colonial era documents mention and refer to the Oromo people as ''Galla'',<ref name="auto">{{cite web|page=26|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ethiopia0103.pdf|title=ETHIOPIA LESSONS IN REPRESSION: VIOLATIONS OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN ETHIOPIA}}</ref> which has now developed derogatory connotations, but these documents were generally written by members of other ethnic groups.<ref name="Teseme17">{{cite book |last=Ta'a |first=Tesema |date=2006 |title=The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XwN2JdMYM4C |publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] |page=17 |isbn=978-3-447-05419-5 |access-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="cerulli56">Ernesta Cerulli (1956), ''Peoples of South-west Ethiopia and its Borderland'', [[International African Institute]], Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1-138-23410-9}}, Chapter: History & Traditions of Origin</ref><ref name="Lewis1966">{{cite journal | last=Lewis | first=Herbert S. | author-link=Herbert S. Lewis| title=The Origins of the Galla and Somali | journal=The Journal of African History | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=7 | issue=1 | year=1966 | pages=27–46 | doi=10.1017/s0021853700006058 | s2cid=163027084 | issn=0021-8537 }}</ref> The term Galla was in use for Oromo people by the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], [[Arabs]], and [[Nilotic peoples|Nilotic people]].<ref name="barton7">Juxon Barton (September 1924), [https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_101750_theoriginsofthegallaandsomalit1924/No._19_6_1924_Barton#page/n1/mode/1up The Origins of the Galla and Somali Tribes], The Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society, No. 19, pages 6–7</ref> The original meaning of the term is heavily disputed. An outdated but popular theory among European historians during the 19th century regarding the origin of the term was the belief that it derives from the Hebrew (חלב) and Greek (Gála), ''milk'', due to the outdated belief that the Oromos were lost white men.<ref name="Tilstone Beke 1848 3">{{cite book |last=Tilstone Beke|first=Charles|author-link= |date=1848|title=On the Origin of the Gallas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kORiAAAAcAAJ |location=London, England |publisher=John E. Taylor |page=3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Markham|first=Clements|author-link= |date=1869|title=A History of the Abyssinian Expedition
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zE_AAAAcAAJ |location=London, England
|publisher=Macmillan |page=40 }}</ref> This name theory was especially popular among German historians who once believed that the Oromo were related to the ancient [[Gauls|Gallic tribe]] in France.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kanno|first=Ayalew|author-link= |date=2005|title=An Ancient People in the State of Menelik The Oromo (said to be of Gallic Origin) Great African Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZpyAAAAMAAJ |location=Michigan, United States |publisher=Ayalew Kanno |page=373 |isbn=9781599751894 }}</ref> Another outdated theory of its origin comes from the belief that the Oromos rejected the offer to convert to [[Islam]] by [[Prophet Muhammad|Muhammad]] as their official religion, thus the prophet giving them the name Qal la or هو قال لا meaning "he said no".<ref>Mekonnen, Y. K. (2013a). Ethiopia: The land, its people, history and culture. New Africa Press.</ref><ref name="Tilstone Beke 1848 3"/> Some sources claim it was a term for a river and a forest, as well as for the [[Pastoral society|pastoral people]] established in the highlands of southern Ethiopia.<ref name="hassen662">{{cite book|author=Mohammed Hassen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300–1700|publisher=Boydell & Brewer (Originally: Cambridge University Press)|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84701-117-6|pages=66–68, 85, 104–106}}</ref> This historical information, according to [[Mohammed Hassen]], is consistent with the written and oral traditions of the [[Somalis]].<ref name="barton7" /> Others, such as the [[International African Institute]], suggests that it is an Oromo word (adopted by neighbors), for there is a word, {{Lang|om|gala}}, meaning 'wandering' or 'to go home' in their language.<ref name="AA1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHtRAQAAIAAJ&q=wandering+gamo |title=Ethnographic Survey of Africa |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AA2">Claude Sumner [https://books.google.com/books?id=JqM8AAAAYAAJ Ethiopian Philosophy: The treatise of Zärʼa Yaʻe̳quo and Wäldä Ḥe̳ywåt] Addis Ababa University, (1976) pp. 149 footnotes 312, Quote: "D'Abbadie claimed that the name Galla was explained to him as derived from a war cry, and used by the Gallas of themselves at war."</ref> Canadian philosophical professor, [[Claude Sumner]], stated that the French explorer and Ethiopian traveler, [[Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie]], claimed that the term had derived from an Oromo [[Battle cry|war cry]] whilst the Oromos were fighting on battlefields.<ref name="AA2" /> The word Oromo is derived from {{Lang|om|Ilm Orma}} meaning '[The] Children of Orma',<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammed Hassen|title=The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1zCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-84701-117-6|pages=109–110}}</ref> or 'Sons of Men',.<ref name="Tilstone Beke 1848 3"/> According to an alternative interpretation provided by [[Hugh Chisholm]], 'Ilm Orma' translates to "son of a stranger." Both interpretations are noted in the Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.<ref>"{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gallas |volume=11 |page=413}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oromo Oromo]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oromo |date=30 December 2013 }}" in the ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''.</ref>