Editing Organic electronics (section)

==History==
===Electrically conductive polymers===
Traditional conductive materials are [[inorganic]], especially [[metals]] such as [[copper]] and [[aluminum]] as well as many [[alloy]]s.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 1862 [[Henry Letheby]] described [[polyaniline]], which was subsequently shown to be electrically conductive. Work on other polymeric organic materials began in earnest in the 1960s. For example in 1963, a derivative of tetraiodopyrrole was shown to exhibit conductivity of 1 S/cm (S = [[Siemens (unit)|Siemens]]).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Electronic Conduction in Polymers. I. The Chemical Structure of Polypyrrole |first1=R. |last1=McNeill |first2=R. |last2=Siudak |first3=J. H. |last3=Wardlaw |first4=D. E. |last4=Weiss |journal=[[Australian Journal of Chemistry|Aust. J. Chem.]] |year=1963 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1056–1075 |doi=10.1071/CH9631056}}</ref> In 1977, it was discovered that oxidation enhanced the conductivity of [[polyacetylene]]. The 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to [[Alan J. Heeger]], [[Alan G. MacDiarmid]], and [[Hideki Shirakawa]] jointly for their work on polyacetylene and related conductive polymers.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/ |publisher=Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media}}</ref> Many families of electrically conducting polymers have been identified including [[polythiophene]], [[polyphenylene sulfide]], and others.

J.E. Lilienfeld<ref name=patent>{{Cite patent|country=CA|number=272437|title= Electric current control mechanism|pubdate=1927-07-19|inventor1-last=Lilienfeld|inventor1-first=Julius Edgar}}</ref> first proposed the [[field-effect transistor]] in 1930, but the first OFET was not reported until 1987, when Koezuka et al. constructed one using [[Polythiophene]]<ref name = Koezuka1988>{{cite journal |title=Field-effect transistor with polythiophene thin film |journal=Synthetic Metals |volume=18 |issue=1–3 |year=1987 |pages=699–704 |doi=10.1016/0379-6779(87)90964-7 |last1=Koezuka |first1=H. |last2=Tsumura |first2=A. |last3=Ando |first3=T.}}</ref> which shows extremely high conductivity. Other [[conductive polymer]]s have been shown to act as semiconductors, and newly synthesized and characterized compounds are reported weekly in prominent research journals. Many review articles exist documenting the development of these [[Chemical substance|materials]].<ref name=sc>{{cite journal |type=free download |journal=Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. |volume=10 |year=2009 |page=024314 |doi=10.1088/1468-6996/10/2/024314 |pmid=27877287 |title=Organic field-effect transistors using single crystals |bibcode=2009STAdM..10b4314H |issue=2 |last1=Hasegawa |first1=Tatsuo |last2=Takeya |first2=Jun|pmc=5090444 }}</ref><ref name=pc>{{cite journal |type=free download |journal=Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. |volume=10 |year=2009 |page=024313 |doi=10.1088/1468-6996/10/2/024313 |pmid=27877286 |title=Organic semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors |bibcode=2009STAdM..10b4313Y |issue=2 |last1=Yamashita |first1=Yoshiro|pmc=5090443 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Adv. Mater. |volume=14 |year=2002 |page=99 |doi=10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<99::AID-ADMA99>3.0.CO;2-9 |title=Organic Thin Film Transistors for Large Area Electronics |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233927802 |issue=2 |last1=Dimitrakopoulos |first1=C.D. |last2=Malenfant |first2=P.R.L.|bibcode=2002AdM....14...99D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mater. Today |volume=7 |year=2004 |page=20 |doi=10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00398-0 |title=Organic thin film transistors |issue=9 |last1=Reese |first1=Colin |last2=Roberts |first2=Mark |last3=Ling |first3=Mang-Mang |last4=Bao |first4=Zhenan|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=hk>{{cite journal |journal=Chem. Soc. Rev. |volume=39 |year=2010 |doi=10.1039/B909902F |pmid=20396828 |title=Organic thin-film transistors |last1=Klauk |first1=Hagen |issue=7|pages=2643–66 }}</ref>

In 1987, the first organic [[diode]] was produced at [[Eastman Kodak]] by [[Ching W. Tang]] and [[Steven Van Slyke]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1557/mrs.2012.125 |title=Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak |journal=MRS Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=552–553 |year=2012 |last1=Forrest |first1=S. |bibcode=2012MRSBu..37..552F |url=http://www.mrs.org/06-2012-interview/|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Electrically conductive charge transfer salts===
In the 1950s, organic molecules were shown to exhibit electrical conductivity. Specifically, the organic compound [[pyrene]] was shown to form semiconducting charge-transfer complex [[salts]] with [[halogens]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mulliken |first=Robert S. |date=January 1950 |title=Structures of Complexes Formed by Halogen Molecules with Aromatic and with Oxygenated Solvents 1 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01157a151 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |language=en |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=600–608 |doi=10.1021/ja01157a151 |bibcode=1950JAChS..72..600M |issn=0002-7863}}</ref> In 1972, researchers found metallic conductivity (conductivity comparable to a metal) in the charge-transfer complex [[TTF-TCNQ]].

===Light and electrical conductivity===
[[André Bernanose]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bernanose, A. |author2=Comte, M. |author3=Vouaux, P. |journal=J. Chim. Phys. |year=1953 |volume=50 |pages=64–68 |title=A new method of light emission by certain organic compounds|doi=10.1051/jcp/1953500064 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bernanose, A. |author2=Vouaux, P. |journal=J. Chim. Phys. |year=1953 |volume=50 |pages=261–263 |title=Organic electroluminescence type of emission|doi=10.1051/jcp/1953500261 }}</ref> was the first person to observe [[electroluminescence]] in organic [[Chemical substance|materials]]. Ching W. Tang and [[Steven Van Slyke]],<ref name=ApplPhy87/> reported fabrication of the first practical OLED device in 1987. The OLED device incorporated a double-layer structure motif composed of  [[copper phthalocyanine]] and a derivative of [[perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1515/nanoph-2020-0322|doi-access=free|title=Waiting for Act 2: What lies beyond organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays for organic electronics? |year=2020 |last1=Forrest |first1=Stephen R. |journal=Nanophotonics |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–40 |bibcode=2020Nanop..10..322F }}</ref>

In 1990, a [[Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)|polymer]] light emitting diodes was demonstrated by [[Donal Bradley|Bradley]], [[Jeremy Burroughes|Burroughes]], [[Richard Friend|Friend]]. Moving from molecular to macromolecular materials solved the problems previously encountered with the long-term stability of the organic films and enabled high-quality films to be easily made.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Nature |volume=347 |issue=6293 |pages=539–541 |doi=10.1038/347539a0 |date=1990 |url=http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/burroughes/index.html |title=Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers|bibcode=1990Natur.347..539B |last1=Burroughes |first1=J. H. |last2=Bradley |first2=D. D. C. |last3=Brown |first3=A. R. |last4=Marks |first4=R. N. |last5=MacKay |first5=K. |last6=Friend |first6=R. H. |last7=Burns |first7=P. L. |last8=Holmes |first8=A. B. |s2cid=43158308 }}</ref> In the late 1990's, highly efficient electroluminescent dopants were shown to dramatically increase the light-emitting efficiency of OLEDs<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/25954|title=Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices |year=1998 |last1=Baldo |first1=M. A. |last2=O'Brien |first2=D. F. |last3=You |first3=Y. |last4=Shoustikov |first4=A. |last5=Sibley |first5=S. |last6=Thompson |first6=M. E. |last7=Forrest |first7=S. R. |journal=Nature |volume=395 |issue=6698 |pages=151–154 |bibcode=1998Natur.395..151B |s2cid=4393960 }}</ref>  These results suggested that electroluminescent materials could displace traditional hot-filament lighting. Subsequent research developed multilayer polymers and the new field of plastic electronics and [[organic light-emitting diode]]s (OLED) research and device production grew rapidly.<ref>{{cite book |author1=National Research Council |title=The Flexible Electronics Opportunity |date=2015 |publisher=The National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-30591-4 |pages=105–6 |url=http://www.nap.edu/read/18812/chapter/7}}</ref>