Editing Orangutan (section)

== Etymology ==
Most Western sources attribute the name "orangutan" (also written orang-utan, orang utan, orangutang, and ourang-outang<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=orangutan, n. |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132186 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en}}</ref>) to the [[Malay language|Malay]] words {{lang|ms|orang}}, meaning 'person', and {{lang|ms|hutan}}, meaning 'forest'.<ref name="sastrawan">{{cite journal |author=Sastrawan, Wayan Jarrah |year=2020 |title=The Word 'Orangutan': Old Malay Origin or European Concoction |journal=Bijdragen tot de Land-, Taal- en Volkenkunde |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=532–41 |doi=10.1163/22134379-bja10016 |s2cid=228828226 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/176/4/article-p532_5.xml?language=en |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412015647/https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/176/4/article-p532_5.xml?language=en |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orangutan|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=orangutan|author=Harper, Douglas|website=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=4 May 2012|archive-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104100601/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=orangutan|url-status=live}}</ref> The Malay used the term to indicate forest-dwelling humans; the first recorded Malay use of "{{lang|ms|orang-utan|italics=no}}" referring to the ape identifies it as a Western term.<ref name="cribb" />{{rp|12}} There is, however, some evidence to suggest that the term may have been used in regard to apes in premodern [[Old Malay]].<ref name="sastrawan" />

In Western sources, the first printed attestation of the word for the apes is in Dutch physician [[Jacobus Bontius]]'s 1631 {{lang|la|Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis}}. He reported that Malays claimed that the ape could talk but preferred not to "lest he be compelled to labour".<ref name="Dellios">{{cite journal|author=Dellios, Paulette|year=2008 |title=A lexical odyssey from the Malay World |journal=Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Philologia |volume=4 |issue=4|pages=141–44}}</ref> The word appeared in several German-language descriptions of Indonesian zoology in the 17th century. It has been argued that the word comes specifically from the [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] variety of Malay,<ref name="mahdi">{{cite book |author=Mahdi, Waruno |year=2007 |title=Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700 |volume=3 |series=Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien |publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] |pages=170–81 |isbn=978-3-447-05492-8}}</ref> but the age of the Old Javanese sources mentioned above make Old Malay a more likely origin for the term. Cribb and colleagues (2014) suggest that Bontius's account referred not to apes (as this description was from Java where the apes were not known to be from) but to humans suffering some serious medical condition (most likely [[cretinism]]) and that his use of the word was misunderstood by [[Nicolaes Tulp]], who was the first to use the term in a publication a decade later.<ref name="cribb">{{cite book |author=Cribb, Robert |first2=Helen|last2= Gilbert |first3=Helen |last3=Tiffin |year=2014 |title=Wild Man from Borneo: A Cultural History of the Orangutan|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-3714-3}}</ref>{{rp|10–18}}

The word was first attested in English in 1693 by physician [[John Bulwer]] in the form ''Orang-Outang'',<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bulwer |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/anthropometamorp00jbjo |title=Anthropometamorphosis: man transform'd: or, The artificiall changling, historically presented, in the mad and cruel gallantry, foolish bravery, ridiculous beauty, filthy finenesse, and loathsome loveliness of most nations, fashioning and altering their bodies from the mould intended by nature; with figures of those transformations. To which artificial and affected deformations are added, all the native and national monstrosities that have appeared to disfigure the humane fabrick. With a vindication of the regular beauty and honesty of nature |publisher=W. Hunt |others=Internet Archive |year=1653 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=437 |language=en}}</ref> and variants ending with ''-ng'' are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to the present but has come to be regarded as [[Linguistic prescription|incorrect]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/word/orangutan |title=Orangutan |website=Alpha Dictionary |access-date=20 December 2006 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707192419/http://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/word/orangutan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Peter|last= Tan |date=October 1998 |title=Malay loan words across different dialects of English |journal=[[English Today]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=44–50 |doi=10.1017/S026607840001052X|s2cid= 144326996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cannon, Garland|year=1992|title=Malay(sian) borrowings in English |journal=[[American Speech]] |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=134–62|jstor=455451 |doi=10.2307/455451}}</ref> The loss of "h" in {{lang|ms|hutan}} and the shift from -ng to -n has been taken to suggest the term entered English through [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref name="mahdi" /> In Malay, the term was first attested in 1840, not as an indigenous name but referring to how the English called the animal.<ref name="rubis"/> The word '<nowiki/>{{lang|ms|orangutan}}<nowiki/>' in modern Malay and Indonesian was borrowed from English or [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the 20th century—explaining the missing initial 'h' of '{{lang|ms|hutan}}<nowiki/>'.<ref name="mahdi"/>

The name of the genus, ''Pongo'', comes from a 16th-century account by [[Andrew Battel]], an English sailor held prisoner by the Portuguese in [[Angola]], which describes two anthropoid "monsters" named Pongo and Engeco. He is now believed to have been describing [[gorilla]]s, but in the 18th century, the terms orangutan and pongo were used for all [[Hominidae|great apes]]. French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] used the term ''Pongo'' for the genus in 1799.<ref name=Groves2002>{{cite book | first = Colin P.| last = Groves | author-link = Colin Groves | year = 2002 | chapter-url = http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf | chapter = A history of gorilla taxonomy | title = Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective | editor1-first = Andrea B. | editor1-last = Taylor | editor2-first = Michele L. | editor2-last = Goldsmith | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | pages = 15–34 | doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511542558.004 | isbn = 978-0521792813 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001207/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/Gorilla%20Biology.pdf | archive-date = 26 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="cribb" />{{rp|24–25}} Battel's "Pongo", in turn, is from the [[Kongo language|Kongo]] word {{lang|kg|mpongi}}<ref>{{cite web|website=Etymology Online|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/pongo|title=pongo|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103307/https://www.etymonline.com/word/pongo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=pongo|website=Merriam-Webster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pongo|access-date=4 October 2018|archive-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205145724/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pongo|url-status=live}}</ref> or other [[cognates]] from the region: [[Lumbu language|Lumbu]] {{lang|lup|pungu}}, [[Vili (language)|Vili]] ''mpungu'', or [[Yombi]] ''yimpungu''.<ref>{{cite web|title=pongo, n.1.|website=OED Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/147630|url-access=subscription|access-date=4 October 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819071419/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=8035670788D957535F9C0B1733D19F62?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F147630|url-status=live}}</ref>