Editing Olympic Oath (section)

==History==
An oath was an idea taken from the [[Ancient Olympic Games]] where competitors swore an oath beside a statue of [[Zeus]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Crowther|first=Nigel |title=Antike Lebenswelten : Konstanz, Wandel, Wirkungsmacht : Festschrift für Ingomar Weiler zum 70. Geburtstag |publisher=Harrassowitz|date=2008 |pages=43–51 |chapter=Olympic Rules and Regulations:Some Observations on the Swearing of Olympic Oaths in Ancient and Modern Times |isbn=978-3-447-05761-5}}</ref><ref name="The story">{{cite book |last=Barker|first=Philip|title=The Story of the Olympic Torch |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|date=2012|edition=1st|chapter=26: For the glory of sport |isbn=978-1-4456-1028-3}}</ref> A call for an oath was announced as early as 1906 by [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) president and founder [[Pierre de Coubertin]] in the ''Revue Olympique'' (''Olympic Review'' in French).<ref name=history /> This was done in an effort to ensure fairness and impartiality.<ref name=history /> 
The Olympic Oath was first taken at the [[1920 Summer Olympics]] in [[Antwerp]] by the [[Fencing (sport)|fencer]] [[Victor Boin]]. 
Boin's oath in 1920 was:

:''We swear. We will take part in the Olympic Games in a spirit of chivalry, for the honour of our country and for the glory of sport.''<ref name=history />

At a winter sports week in Chamonix in 1924, which were retrospectively call the Olympic Games in 1926,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.olympic.org/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/172552/the-olympic-movement-the-ioc-and-the-olympic-games-the-olympic-studies-centre?_lg=en-GB|title=The Olympic Movement, the IOC and the Olympic Games|date=21 January 2018|work=IOC studies centre|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050647/https://library.olympic.org/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/172552/the-olympic-movement-the-ioc-and-the-olympic-games-the-olympic-studies-centre?_lg=en-GB|url-status=live}}</ref> all the competitors took an Olympic style oath and were led by [[Camille Mandrillon]].<ref name="olympic dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Mallon|first1=Bill|author-link1=Bill Mallon |last2=Heijmans |first2=Jeroen|author-link2=Jeroen Heijmans |date=1974 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement|pages=277–278|edition=4th|publication-date=2011|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-7522-7}}</ref><ref name="inside"/> [[Rudolf Ismayr]] was the first Olympic Champion to take the oath, doing so at the 1936 Games in Berlin.<ref name="The story"/> In 1956 [[Giuliana Chenal-Minuzzo]] became the first woman to recite the oath.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/opening-ceremony-gets-games-off-to-flying-start|title=Opening Ceremony gets Games off to flying start|date=20 January 1956|website=Olympics|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031201/https://www.olympic.org/news/opening-ceremony-gets-games-off-to-flying-start|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1961, "swear" was replaced by "promise" and "the honour of our countries" by "the honour of our teams" in an effort to eliminate nationalism at the [[Olympic Games]].<ref name=history /><ref name="olympic dictionary"/> Therefore the oath was as follows:

:''In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams.''<ref name=history />

An oath for the officials had been discussed since the 1950s when the [[International Amateur Boxing Association]] asked all its officials to undertake an oath. In 1970 the IOC amended rule 57 of the charter and decreed that a judge from the host nation would also take an oath. The first judges' oath was taken at the [[1972 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sapporo]] by [[Fumio Asaki]] and [[Heinz Pollay]] performed the task at that year's [[1972 Summer Olympics|summer games in Munich]].<ref name="The story"/>

The Munich games saw [[Heidi Schüller]] become the first female athlete to take the oath at the Summer Games;<ref name="olympic dictionary"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Owen|first1=Paul|date=2017|title=For the Love of running: A Companion|chapter=These Girls Can|publication-date=2017|publisher=[[Summersdale Publishers|Summersdale Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-78685-163-5}}</ref> women had been competing at the games since 1900.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallon|first1=Bill|author-link1=Bill Mallon |last2=Heijmans |first2=Jeroen|author-link2=Jeroen Heijmans |date=1974 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement|page=382|edition=4th|publication-date=2011|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-7522-7}}</ref> At the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Games]] the athletes' oath for the first time was undertaken by more than one person, when [[Hur Jae]] and [[Shon Mi-Na]] took the oath in unison.<ref name="The story"/>

All persons up until the 1980 Games swore the oath on their country's flag. However, in an attempt to eliminate nationalism from the oath ceremony, all have sworn on the Olympic Flag since the 1984 games.<ref name="The story"/><ref name="inside"/><ref name="inside 2"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.olympic-museum.de/oath/theoath.htm | title=The Olympic Oath | access-date=2018-12-22 | archive-date=2019-01-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101131651/http://olympic-museum.de/oath/theoath.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The oaths are usually spoken in the language of the host nation (or athlete's mother tongue – [[Bojan Krizaj]] represented Yugoslavia but spoke Slovenian), but in 1994 both of the oaths were conducted in English rather than Norwegian.<ref name="inside">{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1061567/philip-barker-the-olympic-oath-at-games-through-the-ages|title=Philip Barker:The Olympic Oath at Games through the ages|last=Barker|first=Philip|date=16 February 2018|website=Inside the Games|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030252/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1061567/philip-barker-the-olympic-oath-at-games-through-the-ages|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] created the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) in an effort to form a more organized battle against doping.  Thus, the Athletes Oath was amended to include references to doping and drugs.<ref name="olympic dictionary"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/key-olympic-reforms-approved-by-the-ioc-741762.html|title=Key Olympic reforms approved by the IOC|website=The Independent|publisher=Associated Press|date=12 December 1999|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224050807/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/key-olympic-reforms-approved-by-the-ioc-741762.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="inside 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/17924/philip-barker-uncovering-the-history-of-the-olympic-oath|last=Barker|first=Philip|title=Philip Barker: Uncovering the history of the Olympic Oath|date=27 July 2012|website=Inside the Games|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030248/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/17924/philip-barker-uncovering-the-history-of-the-olympic-oath|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.olympic.org/news/eight-days-to-go-swimmer-to-take-olympic-oath|title = Eight days to go: Swimmer to take Olympic Oath - Olympic News|date = 8 December 2016|access-date = 22 December 2018|archive-date = 23 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030314/https://www.olympic.org/news/eight-days-to-go-swimmer-to-take-olympic-oath|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/1355694/Olympic-oath-against-drugs.html|title=Olympic oath against drugs|last=Foster|first=Peter|date=16 September 2000|website=The Telegraph|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031020/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/1355694/Olympic-oath-against-drugs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010 the IOC recognised that younger athletes, in particular, are influenced by their coaches. At the first Youth Olympic Games, coaches were also required to undertake an oath for this reason.<ref name="The story"/> With effect from the [[2018 Winter Olympics]], the three oaths were combined into one, led by an athlete, although representatives of judges and coaches are still involved in the taking of the oath.<ref name="new">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/athletes-to-take-the-lead-as-oaths-at-future-olympic-games-openings-are-unified|title=Athletes to take the lead as oaths at future Olympic Games openings are unified|date=12 September 2017|website=Olympics|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917123536/https://www.olympic.org/news/athletes-to-take-the-lead-as-oaths-at-future-olympic-games-openings-are-unified|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="inside"/> In July 2021 the oath was further refined to highlight inclusion and equality. The changes to the wording came from the IOC Athletes’ Commission. In addition the number of oath takers at each games were expanded from three to six, to ensure a member of each gender was represented in each oath as part of a commitment to promote women in sport at all levels and in all structures, as stated in the Olympic Charter.<ref name="2021 oath">{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/fundamental-changes-to-the-olympic-oath-at-tokyo-2020-opening-ceremony|title=Fundamental changes to the Olympic oath at Tokyo 2020 Opening Ceremony|date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

===Athletes' Oath===
The chosen athlete, a representative of all the participating Olympic competitors, recited the following from 2000 until 2016:

:''In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams.''<ref name="Old Oath">{{cite press release |title=Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="telegraph"/>

===The Officials' Oath===
The judge/official, also from the host nation, likewise held a corner of the flag and said the following:

:''In the name of all the judges and officials, I promise that we shall officiate in these Olympic Games with complete impartiality, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship.''<ref name="Old Oath"/><ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv3n1/JOHv3n1c.pdf |title=Wendl, Karel. "The Olympic Oath - A Brief History" ''Citius, Altius, Fortius'' (''Journal of Olympic History'' since 1997). Winter 1995. pp. 4,5. |access-date=2011-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907203340/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv3n1/JOHv3n1c.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref>

===The Coaches' Oath===
At the [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]], an additional oath was taken by a coach;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/opening-ceremony-lights-up-singapore-s-skies|title=Opening Ceremony lights up Singapore's skies|website=Olympics|date=14 August 2010|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409060708/https://www.olympic.org/news/opening-ceremony-lights-up-singapore-s-skies|url-status=live}}</ref> this was added to the protocol for the 2012 Games:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf|title=Olympism and the Olympic Movement|publisher=The Olympic Museum|page=6|access-date=2018-12-26|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926124441/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

:''In the name of all the coaches and other members of the athletes' entourage, I promise that we shall commit ourselves to ensuring that the spirit of sportsmanship and fair play is fully adhered to and upheld in accordance with the fundamental principles of Olympism.''<ref name="Old Oath"/>

===Unified Oath===
Beginning in [[PyeongChang]] at the [[2018 Winter Olympics]], there was only one oath.

A representative for the athletes, judges, and coaches each recites the following lines respectively:
:''In the name of the athletes.''
:''In the name of all judges.''
:''In the name of all the coaches and officials.''

The athletes' representative then completes the oath:
:''We promise to take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules and in the spirit of fair play. We all commit ourselves to sport without doping and cheating. We do this, for the glory of sport, for the honour of our teams and in respect for the Fundamental Principles of Olympism.''<ref name="new"/><ref name="inside"/>

===Equality changes===
In July 2021 the oath was updated to include elements around inclusion and equality. The oath from now on would be said by a man and a woman of each discipline.<ref name="2021 oath"/>

The representatives for the athletes, judges, and coaches each recites the following lines respectively:
:''In the name of the athletes.''
:''In the name of all judges.''
:''In the name of all the coaches and officials.''

The athletes' representative then completes the oath:
:''We promise to take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules and in the spirit of fair play, inclusion and equality. Together we stand in solidarity and commit ourselves to sport without doping, without cheating, without any form of discrimination. We do this for the honour of our teams, in respect for the Fundamental Principles of Olympism, and to make the world a better place through sport.''<ref name="2021 oath"/>