Editing Odesa (section)

== Name ==
* {{langx|en|{{yesitalic|Odesa}} or {{yesitalic|Odessa}}|link=yes}} {{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|d|ɛ|s|ə}} {{Respell|oh|DESS|ə}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Odesa|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/odesa|website=[[Collinsdictionary.com]]}}</ref>
* {{langx|uk|Одеса|translit=Odesa}} {{IPA|uk|oˈdɛsɐ||uk-Одеса.ogg}}
* {{langx|ru|Одесса|translit=Odessa}} {{IPA|ru|ɐˈdʲes(ː)ə||ru-Одесса.ogg}}
* {{langx|el|Οδησσός|translit=Odissós}}
* {{langx|yi|אָדעס|translit=Odes}}
* {{langx|ro|Odesa}}

Odesa is sometimes called the Pearl by the Sea,<ref>''Note'': "Pearl by the Sea" comes from the popular song "Ах, Одесса, жемчужина у моря" ("Ah, Odessa, a pearl by the sea") written by Odessa-born composer  {{ill|Modest Tabachnikov|ru|Табачников, Модест Ефимович}}</ref> the Southern Capital,<ref>Nicknamed "Southern Capital" by an analogy with the nickname "Northern Capital" for ''[[St. Petersburg]]'', see  [https://books.google.com/books?id=tSwWAAAAYAAJ Biblioteka dli͡a chtenii͡a] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604021040/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSwWAAAAYAAJ |date=4 June 2023 }},
Volume 42, October 1840, p. 19 (a non-[[optical character recognition|OCR]] text, so you will need to scroll and scroll and scroll... until you notice a verse " Одесса , южная столица , Владычица эвксинскихъ водъ , Стоитъ какъ гордая царица , Вѣнець ей свљтимый небосвод")</ref> [[Culture of Odesa|Odesa-mama and the Humour Capital]], as well as Southern [[Palmyra]].<ref>''Note'': "Southern [[Palmyra]]" is an apposition to [[St. Petersburg]] nicknamed "[[wikt:Northern Palmyra|Northern Palmyra]]".</ref>

In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the [[Greek Plan]] of Empress Catherine II. Catherine's [[Cabinet Secretary of the Russian Empire|Secretary of State]] [[Adrian Gribovsky]] claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man.<ref>[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898 "Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024101327/http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123898 |date=24 October 2018 }}, ''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'', 18 November 2014 (retrieved 2 August 2015)</ref> Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of [[Tyras]] and [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcfLKHVi2UUC&pg=PA254|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest|first=Benjamin H.|last=Isaac|date=1 January 1986|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=9004069216|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035813/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcfLKHVi2UUC&pg=PA254#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and it was named using a Slavic feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos ({{langx|grc|Ὀδησσός}}; in Roman times, Odessus). This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between the end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40&nbsp;km northeast of Odesa, near the village of [[Koshary, Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast|Koshary]], Odesa Oblast.,<ref>Papuci-Władyka, Ewdoksia, et al. "Greek settlement on the northern Black Sea coast: Polish-Ukrainian excavations in Koshary (Odessa province): third preliminary report: seasons 2000-2003." (2006), pp. 354, 355 (footnote 4), 356</ref> near the [[Tylihul Estuary]].<ref name="Herlihy">{{Cite book |last=Herlihy |first=Patricia |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15649318 |title=Odessa : a history, 1794-1914 |date=1986 |publisher=Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute |isbn=0-916458-08-3 |page=7 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=15649318 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216035819/https://search.worldcat.org/title/15649318 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Odessa'', the transliteration of the name from Russian, was the traditional English spelling of the city's name favoured before [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine's independence]] in 1991 (similar to the spelling of Kiev versus [[Kyiv]]).

''Odesa'' became the internationally standardized Latin-alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the [[Romanization of Ukrainian#Ukrainian National transliteration|Ukrainian National romanization system]], which was adopted for official use by Ukraine's cabinet in 2010, approved by the [[United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names]] in 2012, and adopted by the BGN/PCGN in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2-6 May 2011 |title=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP21_Roma_system_Ukraine%20_engl._.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419132557/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP21_Roma_system_Ukraine%20_engl._.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Open Letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine |url=https://ireland.mfa.gov.ua/news/67570-open-letter-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406185944/https://ireland.mfa.gov.ua/news/67570-open-letter-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-ukraine |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems |url=https://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_uk.pdf |title=Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names |publication-date=February 2013 |chapter=Ukrainian |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420084523/http://eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_uk.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2020 |title=Guidance on the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN)/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) romanization systems |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/romanization-systems |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005821/http://pcgn.org.uk/Romanisation_systems.htm |archive-date=27 June 2014 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> This spelling appears in ''Encyclopædia Britannica''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odesa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Odessa-Ukraine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717060303/https://www.britannica.com/place/Odessa-Ukraine |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> and in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |chapter=Odesa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Odesa |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/odesa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624131126/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/odesa |archive-date=24 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Dictionary.com Unabridged, based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odesa |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/odesa |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Collins Dictionary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of ODESA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/odesa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320204251/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/odesa |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}</ref> The spelling ''Odesa'' has also been adopted as the Library of Congress Name Authority Heading.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LCCN Permalink - No Connections Available |url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n79139057 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=lccn.loc.gov |language=en}}</ref> As noted by the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city ''Odessa'', even after changing the spelling of Kiev to Kyiv, but since the beginning of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine more outlets<ref name="CSM spellings">{{Cite news |date=29 March 2022 |title=Kyiv, Odesa, and what's in a name |language=en |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Daily/2022/20220329/Kyiv-Odesa-and-what-s-in-a-name |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712010415/https://www.csmonitor.com/Daily/2022/20220329/Kyiv-Odesa-and-what-s-in-a-name |archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="USA Today spellings">{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Ella |date=13 April 2022 |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine has sparked questions over why Ukrainian cities have historically been transliterated after their Russian versions |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/13/kyiv-kiev-ukraine-cities-why-spelling-matters/7231437001/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230004728/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/13/kyiv-kiev-ukraine-cities-why-spelling-matters/7231437001/?gnt-cfr=1 |archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> and style guides<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-23 |title=Guardian and Observer style guide: O |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-o |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317154926/http://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The ABC Style Guide {{!}} About the ABC |url=https://about.abc.net.au/abc-editorial/the-abc-style-guide/#U |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=about.abc.net.au |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105140015/https://about.abc.net.au/abc-editorial/the-abc-style-guide/#U |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Associated Press Stylebook |url=https://www.apstylebook.com/topical_most_recent |access-date=2023-11-14 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511180352/https://www.apstylebook.com/topical_most_recent |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> have been shifting away from Russian transliterations.