Editing Ocarina (section)

== History ==
[[File:Donati.gif|left|180px|thumb|Giuseppe Donati, Italian inventor of the modern ocarina, with his work]]

The ocarina belongs to a very old family of instruments, believed to date back over 12,000 years.<ref name=historyofocarinavtmmd>{{cite web | publisher = Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary | title = Ocarina | url = http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Ocarina.html | access-date = 2007-04-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070420191707/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texto/Ocarina.html | archive-date = 2007-04-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ocarina-type instruments have been of particular importance in [[China|Chinese]] and [[Mesoamerica]]n cultures. For the Chinese, the instrument played an important role in their long history of song and dance. The ocarina has features similar to the [[xun (instrument)|''xun'']] (塤), another important Chinese instrument (but is different in that the ocarina uses an internal duct, whereas the ''xun'' is blown across the outer edge).<ref name=xunocarinaforest>{{cite web | publisher = ocarinaforest.com | title = The Chinese Xun | url = http://ocarinaforest.com/ocarinas/chinese-xun/ | access-date = 2012-12-30 | date= 2012-12-31 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130314070738/http://ocarinaforest.com/ocarinas/chinese-xun/ | archive-date = 2013-03-14 }}</ref> In Korea, the ''xun'' is known as the '' hun'' ({{Korean|hangul=훈|hanja=壎}}). In Japan, the ''xun'' is known as the {{Nihongo|2=土笛|3=tsuchibue|4={{lit|earthen flute}}}}. Different expeditions to Mesoamerica, including the one conducted by [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]], resulted in the introduction of the ocarina to the courts of Europe. Both the [[Maya peoples|Maya]] and [[Aztecs]] produced versions of the ocarina, but it was the Aztecs who brought to Europe the song and dance that accompanied the ocarina. The ocarina went on to become popular in European communities as a toy instrument.<ref name="historyocarinaforest"/>

[[File:Ocarina 1.JPG|thumb|Ocarina, c. 1900, [[Museu de la Música de Barcelona]]]]

One of the oldest ocarinas found in Europe is from [[Runik]], [[Kosovo]]. The [[Runik ocarina]] is a [[Neolithic]] flute-like wind instrument, and is the earliest prehistoric musical instrument ever recorded in Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=8800|title=Runik Ocarina|publisher=Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport, Republic of Kosovo|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211631/https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=8800|archive-date=2017-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The modern European ocarina dates back to the 19th century, when [[Giuseppe Donati]] from [[Budrio]], a town near [[Bologna|Bologna, Italy]], transformed the ocarina from a toy, which played only a few notes, into a more comprehensive instrument (known as the first "classical" ocarina). The word ''ocarina'' derives from ''ucaréṅna'', which in the [[Bolognese dialect]] means "little goose". The earlier form was known in Europe as a [[gemshorn]], which was made from animal [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]] of the [[chamois]] ({{langx|nl|gems}}).<ref name="ocarina">{{cite journal|title=A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': A New Etymology for the Word 'Ocarina'|last=Perono Cacciafoco|first=Francesco|date=December 2019|journal=Seria Stiinte Filologice|publisher=Analele Universitatii din Craiova|volume=41|number=1–2|pages=456–469}}</ref>

In 1964, John Taylor, an English mathematician, developed a fingering system that allowed an ocarina to play a full chromatic octave using only four holes.<ref name="historyocarinaforest" /> This is now known as the English fingering system, and is used extensively for pendant ocarinas. It is also used in several multi-chamber ocarinas, especially in ones that are designed to play more than one note at a time. The instrument is featured in the 1998 [[Nintendo 64]] game ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time]]'' which has been credited for increasing the popularity and sales of ocarinas due to the game's strong sales.<ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Sharon R. |date=February 15, 1999 |title=Compressed Data; Can You Play 'Feelings' On the Ocarina? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/business/compressed-data-can-you-play-feelings-on-the-ocarina.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707214037/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/business/compressed-data-can-you-play-feelings-on-the-ocarina.html |archive-date=July 7, 2009 |access-date=August 25, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>  

=== Uses ===
French composer Pierre Arvay (1924–1980) wrote several pieces of library music for the ocarina. One of these – ''Merry ocarina'' – became well known in the UK when it was used as a regular musical segment in the BBC children's programme ''[[Vision On]]'', broadcast between 1964 and 1976.<ref>[https://pierrearvay.fr/en/musiques/1/all/ocarina Pierre Arvay: music]</ref>

Hungarian-Austrian composer [[György Ligeti]] (1923–2006) called for four ocarinas (to be performed by woodwind players doubling their own instruments) in his [[Violin Concerto (Ligeti)|Violin Concerto]], completed in 1993. In 1974, the Polish composer [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] (1933–2020) incorporated 12 ocarinas in his composition ''[[The Dream of Jacob]]''. Later, he incorporated 50 in the final section of his [[Symphony No. 8 (Penderecki)|Symphony No. 8]], completed in 2008, where they are meant to be played by members of the choir.