Editing Nyx (section)

== Genealogy ==
According to [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', Nyx is the offspring of [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]], alongside [[Erebus]] (Darkness), by whom she becomes the mother of [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] and [[Hemera]] (Day).<ref>Gantz, p. 4; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA23 pp. 23&ndash;4]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138 123&ndash;5].</ref> Without the assistance of a father, Nyx produces [[Moros]] (Doom, Destiny), [[Keres (mythology)|Ker]] (Destruction, Death), [[Thanatos]] (Death), [[Hypnos]] (Sleep), the [[Oneiroi]] (Dreams), [[Momus]] (Blame), [[Oizys]] (Pain, Distress), the [[Hesperides]], the [[Moirai]] (Fates), the [[Keres]], [[Nemesis]] (Indignation, Retribution), [[Apate]] (Deceit), [[Philotes]] (Love), [[Geras]] (Old Age), and [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] (Strife).<ref>Gantz, pp. 4&ndash;5; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 211&ndash;25]. The translations used here are those given by Gantz.</ref> A number of these offspring are similarly described as her children by later authors.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-works_days/2018/pb_LCL057.87.xml 17 (pp. 86, 87)] (two Strifes, one a daughter of Night); [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.5.3 7.5.3] (two Nemeses daughters of Night); ''[[Poetae Melici Graeci|PMG]]'' 1018 (Page, p. 536) (Fates daughters of Nyx; see Gantz, p. 8); [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Hercules (Seneca)|Hercules]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/seneca_younger-hercules/2018/pb_LCL062.103.xml 1066&ndash;9 (pp. 102, 103)] (Sleep and Death sons of Night); ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the Fates'' (59), [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater 1 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 48)] (Fates daughters of Night); [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.431.xml 31.117 (pp. 430, 431)] (Sleep son of Night). The Roman authors [[Cicero]] and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] provide Nox, the Roman counterpart of Nyx, with similar lists of offspring (see below).</ref> Other early sources, however, give genealogies which differ from Hesiod's. According to one such account, she is the mother of [[Tartarus]] by Aether,<ref>Chrysanthou, p. 303; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 p. 8]; Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92]; [[Epimenides of Crete|Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 5 Diels, p. 190].</ref> while in others, she is described as the mother of [[Eros]] by Aether,<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 p. 6]; Cook, [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie02pt1cook/page/314/mode/2up?view=theater p. 315 n. 4]; West, p. 209 n. 106; [[Acusilaus]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA6 fr. 6c Fowler, pp. 6&ndash;7].</ref> or the mother of Aether, Eros, and Metis by Erebus.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 pp. 5&ndash;6]; ''Brill's New Pauly'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/nyx-e827340 s.v. Nyx]; [[Acusilaus]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA6 fr. 6b Fowler, p. 6].</ref> The poet [[Bacchylides]] apparently considered Nyx to be the mother of Hemera by [[Chronos]] (Time),<ref>[[Bacchylides]], ''Victory Odes'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/bacchylides-victory_odes/1992/pb_LCL461.157.xml 7.1&ndash;2 (pp. 156, 157)].</ref> and elsewhere mentions [[Hecate]] as her daughter.<ref>Gantz, p. 26; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 p. 33]; [[Bacchylides]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/bacchylides-fragments/1992/pb_LCL461.253.xml fr. 1B Campbell, pp. 252&ndash;5] [= Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkhbarJcukC&pg=PA233 3.467 (Wendel 1999, p. 233)]] [= ''[[Oxyrhynchus papyri|P. Oxy.]]'' 2366.3&ndash;8].</ref> [[Aeschylus]] mentions Nyx as the mother of the [[Erinyes]] (Furies),<ref>Gantz, p. 13; Karusu, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20II-1/page/n463/mode/2up p. 905]; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[The Eumenides|Eumenides]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-oresteia_eumenides/2009/pb_LCL146.395.xml 321&ndash;2 (pp. 394, 395)], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-oresteia_eumenides/2009/pb_LCL146.407.xml 416 (pp. 394, 395)], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-oresteia_eumenides/2009/pb_LCL146.455.xml 791&ndash;2 (pp. 454, 455)], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-oresteia_eumenides/2009/pb_LCL146.457.xml 821&ndash;2 (pp. 456, 457)], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-oresteia_eumenides/2009/pb_LCL146.483.xml 1034 (pp. 482, 483)]. According to Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-oresteia_eumenides/2009/pb_LCL146.395.xml p. 395 n. 82 to line 322], Aeschylus here seemingly identifies the Erinyes with the [[Keres]], who are daughters of Nyx in Hesiod. See also [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/lycophron-alexandra/1921/pb_LCL129.357.xml 437 (pp. 356, 357)].</ref> while [[Euripides]] considered [[Lyssa]] (Madness) to be the daughter of Nyx and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]].<ref>Parada, p. 110; Keightley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44]; Karusu, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20II-1/page/n463/mode/2up p. 905]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Herakles (Euripides)|Herakles]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-heracles/1998/pb_LCL009.387.xml 823 (pp. 386, 387)] (daughter of Night), [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-heracles/1998/pb_LCL009.389.xml 834 (pp. 388, 389)] (daughter of Night), [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-heracles/1998/pb_LCL009.389.xml 844 (pp. 388, 389)] (daughter of Night and Heaven).</ref>

Nox, the Roman equivalent of Nyx, features in several genealogies given by Roman authors. According to [[Cicero]], Aether and [[Dies (deity)|Dies]] (Day) are the children of Nox and Erebus, in addition to Amor (Love), Dolus (Guile), Metus (Fear), Labor (Toil), Invidentia (Envy), Fatum (Fate), Senectus (Old Age), [[Mors (mythology)|Mors]] (Death), Tenebrae (Darkness), Miseria (Misery), Querella (Lamentation), Gratia (Favour), Fraus (Fraud), Pertinacia (Obstinacy), the Parcae, the Hesperides, and the Somnia (Dreams).<ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/marcus_tullius_cicero-de_natura_deorum/1933/pb_LCL268.329.xml 3.44 (pp. 328, 329)].</ref> In the genealogy given by the Roman mythographer [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], Nox is the offspring of Chaos and Caligo (Mist), alongside Dies (Day), Erebus (Darkness), and Aether.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA222 pp. 222&ndash;3]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' Theogony 1 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA95 Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95]; [https://latin.packhum.org/loc/1263/1/0#0 Latin text]). According to Fontenrose, this genealogy may be derived from [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] (8th century BC), the author of the ''[[Titanomachia]]''; see also Kovaleva, p. 143.</ref> With Erebus, she produces Fatum (Fate), Senectus (Old Age), Mors (Death), Letum (Destruction), Continentia (Strife), Somnus (Sleep), the Somnia (Dreams), Epiphron (Thoughtfulness), Hedymeles, Porphyrion, Epaphus, Discordia (Discord), Miseria (Misery), Petulantia (Petulance), Nemesis, Euphrosyne (Cheerfulness), Amicitia (Friendship), Misericordia (Pity), [[Styx]], the Parcae (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos), and the Hesperides (Aegle, Hesperia, and Erythea).<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' Theogony 1 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA95 Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 95]; [https://latin.packhum.org/loc/1263/1/0#0 Latin text]).</ref> Several other Roman sources mention Nox as the mother of the Furies, with [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]] sometimes given as the father.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+6.236 6.250], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+7.323 7.323&ndash;332], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Verg.+A.+12.843 12.845&ndash;6]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL042.211.xml 4.451&ndash;2 (pp. 210, 211)].</ref>

In an early Orphic source, in which Nyx is the first deity to exist, she is the mother of Uranus, possibly without a father.<ref>Betegh, p. 158; Bernabé 2019, p. 110; Orphic fr. 10 Bernabé (I p. 21) [= [[Derveni papyrus]], col. 14.6 (Kouremenos, Parássoglou and Tsantsanoglou, pp. 133)]. There is debate surrounding whether there was a father, and his identity. Bernabé and Cristobal, p. 88 argue that there was no father, while Betegh, p. 336 considers him to be [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]], and Almqvist, p. 88 suggests he is [[Phanes]]. In an earlier Orphic work, in which Nyx is again the first deity, scholars have proposed that she is the mother of Uranus, as well as Gaia; see Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 p. 95]; Betegh, p. 147; West, pp. 117&ndash;9.</ref> In a later account, she is described as both the consort and daughter of [[Phanes]], by whom she becomes the mother of Uranus and Gaia.<ref>West, p. 70; Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 pp. 168&ndash;9]; Orphic fr. 149 I Bernabé (I p. 146).</ref> In another account, likely derived from an Orphic cosmogony,<ref>See Betegh, pp. 148&ndash;9; Chrysanthou, pp. 301&ndash;3.</ref> Nyx gives birth to a "wind-egg", from which Eros emerges.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA25 p. 25]; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Birds (play)|Birds]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg006.perseus-eng1:685-707 693&ndash;9].</ref> In later Orphic sources, she is mentioned as the mother of the Stars (by Uranus?),<ref>Morand, p. 331; ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the Stars'' (7), [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater 3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 9)].</ref> and, in one account, is the daughter of Eros.<ref>Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 p. 172]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=nyx-bio-1 s.v. Nyx]; ''[[Orphic Argonautica]]'', 14&ndash;5 (Vian, p. 75) [= fr. 238 Bernabé (I p. 200) = [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/64/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 224T Kern]].</ref> Elsewhere, the late Greek poet [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]] mentions Nyx as the mother of [[Eos]] (Dawn),<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/falloftroy00quin/page/112/mode/2up?view=theater 2.625&ndash;6]; see also [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Agamemnon (play)|Agamemnon]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg005.perseus-eng1:258-280 265], which calls Night the mother of Dawn.</ref> while according to Byzantine author [[Tzetzes]], she is the mother of the Moirai, apparently by the Titan [[Cronus]].<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=moira-bio-1 s.v. Moira]; [[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]]'s ''Alexandra'', [https://archive.org/details/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog/page/n653/mode/2up?view=theater 406 (pp. 584&ndash;6)].</ref> In the ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' of [[Nonnus]], Nyx is the offspring of Chaos, as she is in Hesiod's ''Theogony'',<ref>Rouse, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.431.xml p. 435 note c to 31.176]; Verhelst, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbhRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 p. 60]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/nonnos-dionysiaca/1940/pb_LCL354.435.xml 31.176 (pp. 434, 435)].</ref> while in a genealogy given by the 12th-century writer [[Michael of Ephesus]] (incorrectly attributed to [[Alexander of Aphrodisias]]),<ref>Kotwick, p. 84.</ref> she is the offspring of [[Oceanus]], and the mother of Uranus.<ref>Betegh, p. 150; Pseudo-[[Alexander of Aphrodisias]] ([[Michael of Ephesus]]), in [[Aristotle]], ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]]'' 821.16 [= fr. 367 Bernabé (I p. 295) = [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/170/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 107 Kern]].</ref>