Editing Nukuʻalofa (section)

==History==

===First western records of Nuku{{fakau'a}}alofa===
On 10 June 1777, British captain [[James Cook]] wrote of his arrival at their anchorage place. His description of the place confirmed, with his map, that this was the bay of Nuku{{fakau'a}}alofa.

{{blockquote|At length, about two in the afternoon, we arrived at our intended station. It was a very snug place, formed by the shore of Tongataboo on the South East, and two small islands on the East and North East. Here we anchored in ten fathoms water, over a bottom of oozy sand; distant from the shore one-third of a mile [500&nbsp;m].<ref>Cook, 1784, p. 277</ref>}}

Cook never used the name Nukualofa or any alternative spelling for the reports of this voyage, but he mentioned the island of Pangaimodoo ([[Pangaimotu (Tongatapu)|Pangaimotu]]) which was to the east of his anchorage position. Captain Cook also wrote that he travelled by canoes to visit Mooa ([[Muʻa (Tongatapu)|Mu{{fakau'a}}a]]) where Paulaho and other great men lived. The house that Paulaho provided was on the beach {{convert|1/3|mi|m|order=flip|sigfig=1}} from the ship. Reference to his map shows that he must have landed and stayed in the Siesia area, the eastern part of modern Nuku{{fakau'a}}alofa. Cook also drafted the first map of the bay of Nukuʻalofa.

[[File:Sketch of Tongataboo Harbour 1777.PNG|thumb|left|300px|The first recorded Map of Tongataboo Harbour as sketched by Captain Cook in 1777. The map clearly shows the Bay of Nukuʻalofa and his anchored position near Pangaimotu. Small islands of Nukuʻalofa were named with phonetic spelling, including Atata, Pangaimotu, Makahaʻa, and Fetoa.]]

The first written record for Nukuʻalofa is stated in the first dedicated book for Tonga by George Vason which was published in 1810. George Vason was an English missionary from the [[London Missionary Society]], who arrived in Tonga in 1797. George Vason wrote of their arrival that:

::"Before we could well come to an anchor, the ship was surrounded by the natives, who flocked to us from every adjacent Island. The place, before which we anchored, was called Noogollefa: it was near an Island, named Bonghy-moddoo; on which former navigators pitched their tents, as a convenient spot, on account of its separation from the main Island, to preserve themselves from being too much incommoded by the natives."<ref>Vason, 1810, p. 68</ref>

That was the first mention of Nukuʻalofa, spelled as Noogoollefa. Vason's unusual spelling of Nukuʻalofa and Pangaimotu (as "Bonghy-Moddoo") was because the standard Tongan alphabet would not be developed until 1826–27.

The second oldest book dedicated to Tonga was by William Mariner, adopted son of [[Fīnau ʻUlukālala]], which was published in 1817. Mariner described his experiences during the years he was the adopted son of ʻUlukālala (1806–1810). He described the civil war and the siege of the Fort of Nukuʻalofa, which fell to ʻUlukālala and his warriors.

The third attempt of Christian missionaries was recorded in April 1826, when two Tahitian London Missionaries were detained by Tupou the chief of Nukuʻalofa.

::In March 1826, the four men left Tahiti in the Minerva, their destination Fiji. But at Nukuʻalofa, Tonga, their plans were disrupted by the high chief [[George Tupou I|Tupou]] (Aleamotuʻa). From Davies' perspective the Tahitian were placed under detention at Tongatapu: "The chief called Tupou would not let them proceed. He had been himself a resident in Lageba and calls himself the friend of Tuineau, the chief of Lageba and as such he took possession of the present intended for the Fijian chief".<ref>Munro and Thornley, p. 94</ref>

The arrival of the Methodist missionaries in Nukuʻalofa in 1827 reinforced the Christian faith. The persecution suffered by Christians in Hihifo and Hahake forced a lot of people to seek refuge in Nukuʻalofa. As a result of the encouragement of Tupou, the King of Nukuʻalofa, this was the beginning of the expanding of Nukuʻalofa to become the major center of Christianity in Tonga.

The [[US Exploring Expedition]] met with King Josiah (Aleamotuʻa) in 1840.<ref name="Stanton">{{cite book|last1=Stanton|first1=William|title=The Great United States Exploring Expedition|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520025571|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/187 187]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/187}}</ref>

The final phase of the arrival of Christianity in Tonga was the arrival of Father Chevron, or Patele Sevelo, in 1842. He wrote that he arrived in Nukuʻalofa in 1842 and met the Tuʻi Kanokupolu Aleamotuʻa who was baptised by the Wesleyan as Sosaia.

In conclusion, these landings turned Nukuʻalofa from a small village and fort into the center of Tonga during the introduction of Christianity. From the earliest records for Nukuʻalofa, early writers always referred to the settlement as Noogollefa (1797), Nioocalofa (1806), Nukualofa (1826 by Methodist) and Noukou-Alofa (1842 by French Catholic priests). There was no other mention of any other name of the settlement other than the settlement or fort of Nukuʻalofa.

===Capital of the Kingdom of Tonga (1875 and later)===
[[File:Nukualofa, Tonga, 1887 (21685269618).jpg|thumb|Nuku{{fakau'a}}alofa in 1887]]
The Declaration of the [[Constitution of Tonga]] in 1875 formalised Nukuʻalofa as the Capital of Tonga. King George Taufaʻahau Tupou I issued the Constitution of Tonga on 4 November 1875, in Nukuʻalofa. The Constitution also stated (Article 38) that the Parliament will meet in Nukuʻalofa except in time of war.

Since Nukuʻalofa has been expanding from when it became the center of Christianity in Tonga in the 19th century, it became essential that it was reorganised for effective administration of the capital. The reorganisation of Nukuʻalofa divided up Nukuʻalofa into three major district areas:
* '''Kolomotuʻa''' (''Kolo'' meaning "town" or "settlement", ''motuʻa'' meaning "old"), encompassing the city's original settlement at the old fort of Nukualofa, including the area of Tavatuʻutolu (Longolongo), Sopu ʻo Vave (now Sopu ʻo Taufaʻahau), Tongataʻeapa, Tufuenga, Kapeta and all the western area where it was the traditional settlement of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu from Mumui the 13th Tuʻi Kanokupolu to Aleamotuʻa the 18th Tuʻi Kanokupolu.
* '''Kolofoʻou''' (''foʻou'' meaning "new"). This area started from the Vahaʻakolo Road and all the eastern side to Maʻufanga which include the Palace of King George Taufaʻahau Tupou I and seat of Government, as well as all the new settlement of Fasi moe Afi ʻa Tungi, Malie Taha (One Mile), Ngeleʻia was an old settlement during the civil wars and Taufaʻahau and his warriors destroy this settlement. Taufaʻahau settled in his kau Toʻa Tautahi (Sea-Warlords) in Nukuʻalofa for his protection and security from enemies and named the area Kolofoʻou (Newtown or Newsettling). This happened after the burn down and fall of Takai's fortress of Pea in the command of his son Moeakiola in 1852. About the same time Taufaʻahau moved his capital to Kolofoʻou, Nukuʻalofa after he ruled and reigned from Pangai, Haʻapai since 1845.
* '''Maʻufanga''', on the eastern side of Nukualofa. Maʻufanga was an old village of the Haʻa Takalaua, which is the Estate of the Chief Fakafanua, now ruled by the Uhamaka family. George Vason mentioned that Maʻufanga was a refugees area during the civil war, where people could take shelter in time of hardship. Maʻufanga is the area facing Pangaimotu, where James Cook anchored, and where Paulaho built him a house on the beach, about {{Convert|500|m||abbr=}} from the ship.

On 17 January 1996, [[1995–96 South Pacific cyclone season|Cyclone Yasi]] intensified into a category 1 tropical cyclone, from sustained wind speeds of 85 km/h. The system soon reached Nuku'alofa, about 510 kms southeast of the capital.

=== 21st century ===
In 2006, lack of progress towards democracy resulted in [[2006 Nukuʻalofa riots|riots]] in Nukuʻalofa. During the riots, much of the central business district was burned down.

The capital city was struck by the tsunami caused by the [[2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami|2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsunami warning in Tonga, US West Coast after powerful volcanic eruption|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/tonga-tsunami-volcano-eruption-undersea-2438061|access-date=2022-01-15|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115133009/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/tonga-tsunami-volcano-eruption-undersea-2438061|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city reportedly suffered significant damage from the tsunami, which may potentially take years to repair.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Massive Tonga Volcanic Eruption Caused "Significant Damage"|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/massive-tonga-volcanic-eruption-caused-significant-damage-2711861|access-date=2022-01-16|agency=[[NDTV]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-18/volcanic-ash-acid-rain-threaten-tonga-fiji-food-security-coral/100763772|title=Tongans told to stay indoors to avoid inhaling volcanic ash that may devastate their environment for years, say scientists|date=18 January 2022|access-date=25 January 2022|website=Abc.net.au}}</ref>