Editing Novosibirsk (section)

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Novosibirsk}}
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|caption1=Novonikolayevsk in 1895
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|caption2=[[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Novosibirsk|St Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]
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Novosibirsk was founded on the right side of the [[Ob (river)|Ob]], near an area traditionally inhabited by [[Chat Tatars]] ({{ill|Chertovo gorodishche|ru|Чёртово городище (Новосибирск)}}). The [[Russian Empire|Russian]] town originated on 30 April 1893<ref name="Established">Official website of Novosibirsk. [http://www.novo-sibirsk.ru/articles/novosibirsk/history/ History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819104258/http://www.novo-sibirsk.ru/articles/novosibirsk/history/ |date=August 19, 2009 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> at the future site of a [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] bridge crossing the great Siberian river, and in 1895 became known as Novonikolayevsk ({{lang|ru|Новониколаевск}}),<ref name="Names">Charter of Novosibirsk, Article&nbsp;1.1</ref> in honor both of [[Saint Nicholas]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} and of the new reigning [[Tsar]], [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas&nbsp;II]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Everett-Heath|first1= John|author-link1=John Everett-Heath|chapter=Russia|title=Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes|date= August 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ|publication-place=Basingstoke|publisher=Springer|publication-date=2000|page=272|isbn=9780230286733|access-date=16 August 2022|quote=Novosibirsk [...] Renamed (1895-1925) Novonikolayevsky [sic], 'New Nicholas', in honour of the accession of Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918, r.1895-1918).}}</ref> It superseded [[Bolshoye Krivoshchyokovo]] village, located on the opposite side of the [[Ob (river)|Ob]], which was founded in 1696 and was resettled in 1893 due to the construction of the [[Novosibirsk Rail Bridge]]. The bridge, completed in the spring of 1897, made the new settlement a regional transport hub. The importance of the city further increased with the completion of the [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway]] in the early 20th century. The new railway connected Novonikolayevsk directly with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="all">{{Cite web|url= http://www.allsiberia.com/novosibirsk/|title=Novosibirsk City Guide|website=Allsiberia.com|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref>

At the time of the bridge's opening, Novonikolayevsk had a population of 7,800&nbsp;people. The settlement developed rapidly. Its first bank opened in 1906, and a total of five banks were operating by 1915. In 1907, Novonikolayevsk, now with a population exceeding 47,000, was granted town status with full rights for self-government. During the [[October Revolution|pre-revolutionary]] period, the population of Novonikolayevsk reached 80,000. The city had steady and rapid [[economic growth]], becoming one of the largest commercial and industrial centers of [[Siberia]]. It developed a significant agricultural-processing industry,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Сельское хозяйство :: Бизнес-журнал, новости Новосибирска и Новосибирской области |url= http://biz.newsib.ru/news/theme/52/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130224041400/http://biz.newsib.ru/news/theme/52/ |archive-date= 24 February 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher= Biz.newsib.ru |df= mdy-all}}</ref> as well as a [[power station]], iron foundry, commodity market, several banks, and commercial and shipping companies. By 1917, the city had seven Orthodox churches and one [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] Church, along with several cinemas, forty [[Primary education|primary schools]], a high school, a teaching seminary, and the Romanov House non-classical [[secondary school]]. In 1913, Novonikolayevsk became one of the first places in Russia to institute compulsory primary education.<ref name=all/>

The [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1923 took a toll on the city. Wartime epidemics, especially [[typhus]] and [[cholera]], claimed thousands of lives. In the course of the war, the Ob River Bridge was destroyed. For the first time in the city's history, the population of Novonikolayevsk began to decline. The Soviet Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Novonikolayevsk took control of the city in December 1917. In May 1918, the [[Czechoslovak Legion]] rose in opposition to the revolutionary government and, together with the [[White movement|White Guards]], captured Novonikolayevsk (26 May 1918). The [[Red Army]] took the city in 1919, retaining it throughout the rest of the Civil War.<ref name=all />

Novonikolayevsk began reconstruction in 1921 at the start of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]'s [[New Economic Policy]] period (1921–1928). The city formed part of [[Tomsk Governorate]] and served as its administrative center from 23 December 1919 to 14 March 1920. Between 13 June 1921 and 25  May 1925, it served as the administrative center of [[Novonikolayevsk Governorate]], which was separated from Tomsk Governorate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Исторический обзор: "Новониколаевская губерния – Новосибирская область: люди, события, факты" {{!}} Библиотека сибирского краеведения |url=http://bsk.nios.ru/content/istoricheskiy-obzor-novonikolaevskaya-guberniya-novosibirskaya-oblast-lyudi-sobytiya-fakty |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=bsk.nios.ru}}</ref> The city received its present name on 12 September 1926,<ref name="Names" /> -''Novosibirsk'', which, in the Russian language, translates roughly as "New Siberian [town]".

After the Soviet Union abolished [[Governorate (Russia)|governorate]]s in 1929, the city served as the administrative center of the [[Siberian Krai]] until 23 July 1930, and of [[West Siberian Krai]] until 28 September 1937, when that krai was split into [[Novosibirsk Oblast]] and [[Altai Krai]].<ref name="base.consultant.ru">{{Cite web|url= http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=ESU;n=19030|title=Decision of Central Execution Committee of USSR dated 28 of September of 1937 (link to law base provided by official legal service "Consultant Plus")|website= Base.consultant.ru|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Since then, it has served as the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast.<ref name="base.consultant.ru" />

[[File:Novosibirsk skyline in winter.jpg|thumb|300px|View of the part of Student Brigades Square and the intersection of Oktyabrskaya Highway, Serebrennikovskaya Street and Oktyabrskaya Street, as seen in 2017. In the lower left-hand corner, the part of the building of the [[Novosibirsk Globus Theatre]] is visible. In the center of the picture is the building at 50 Kommunisticheskaya Street, popularly known as "Batman" and "Plug".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pichugina|first=Lisa|title=Загадки "Бэтмена": прогулка по самому одиозному небоскребу Новосибирска|language=ru|date=11 June 2015|magazine=НГС|url=https://ngs.ru/text/realty/2015/06/11/2174892/}}</ref>]]

The [[Monument to the Heroes of the Revolution]], erected in the center of the city in 1922, became one of the chief historic sites (essentially every child had to visit the monument on school field-trips during the Soviet years). Neglect in the 1990s while other areas were redeveloped helped preserve it in the post-Soviet era.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

During Stalin's industrialization effort, Novosibirsk secured its place as one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia. Several massive industrial facilities developed, including the 'Sibkombain' plant, specializing in the production of heavy mining equipment. Additionally, a metal-processing plant, a food-processing plant, and other industrial enterprises and factories were built, as well as a new [[power station]]. The great [[Soviet famine of 1932–33]] resulted in more than 170,000 rural refugees seeking food and safety in Novosibirsk. They were settled in barracks at the outskirts of the city, giving rise to [[slum]]s.<ref name=all /> Reflecting international recognition of its rapid growth and industrialization, in the US media Novosibirsk was referred to as the "[[Chicago]] of Siberia".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=May 4, 1942 |title=From Novosibirsk to Komsomolsk |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777759,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101014171609/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,777759,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2010 |magazine=TIME |access-date=6 May 2009}}</ref>

Tram rails were laid down in 1934, by which time the population had reached 287,000, making Novosibirsk the largest city in Siberia. The following year the original road bridge over the Ob River was replaced by the new [[Kommunalny Bridge, Novosibirsk|Kommunalny bridge]].<ref name=all />

Between 1941 and 1942, the Soviets crated up and relocated more than 50 substantial factories from western Russia to Novosibirsk in order to reduce the risk of their destruction through [[Great Patriotic War|war]], and at this time the city became a major supply base for the [[Red Army]]. During this period the city also received more than 140,000 refugees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=A. J. |title=Siberia: A Cultural History |date=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-975417-5 |series= |location=Oxford |quote="During the Second World War the city received a second boost through the relocation of about fifty strategic industries and a fresh wave of about 140,000 war refugees"}}</ref>

The rapid growth of the city prompted the construction during the 1950s of a [[Novosibirsk Hydroelectric Station|hydroelectric power station]] with a capacity of 400 [[megawatt]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia History & Info|url=http://www.utopiasprings.com/instnovo.htm |access-date=6 May 2009|publisher=Utopiasprings.com}}</ref> necessitating the creation of a giant water reservoir, now known as the [[Novosibirsk Reservoir|Ob Sea]]. As a direct result of the station's construction, vast areas of fertile land were flooded, as were relic pine woods in the area; additionally, the new open space created by the reservoir's surface caused average wind speeds to double, increasing the rate of [[erosion|soil erosion]].<ref name=all/>

In the 1950s, the Soviet Government directed the building of a center for scientific research in Novosibirsk, and in 1957 the multi-facility [[science|scientific]] [[research]] complex of [[Akademgorodok]] was constructed about {{convert|30|km|sp=us||abbr=on}} south of the city center. The Siberian Division of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (formerly the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]]) has its headquarters in Akademgorodok, and the town hosts more than 35 research institutes and universities, among them [[Novosibirsk State University]], one of the top Russian schools in natural sciences and mathematics. Although it possesses a fully autonomous infrastructure, Akademgorodok is administered by Novosibirsk.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

On 2 September 1962, the population of Novosibirsk reached one million. At that time, it was the youngest city in the world with the population exceeding one million. Novosibirsk took fewer than seventy years to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Novosibirsk Mayor Office Web Site, City History Page |url= http://www.novo-sibirsk.ru/index/section/53 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080307043150/http://www.novo-sibirsk.ru/index/section/53 |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date= 13 February 2008 |publisher= Novosibirsk Mayor Office |df= mdy-all}}</ref> On 8 June 1965, the city was the scene of a dramatic aerial stunt when Lieutenant Valentin Privalov flew his [[MiG-17]] under the [[Kommunalny Bridge, Novosibirsk|October Bridge]]; an image which purportedly showed the event was later found to be a photocollage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/history/332483-russian-pilot-fly-under-bridge-photo|title=Yes, this photo is fake. But the suicidal aerial stunt was real|first= Nikolay|last= Shevchenko|date=24 July 2020|website=Rbth.com|access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/russian-pilot-bridge-1965/|title=Is This a Russian Pilot Flying Under a Bridge in 1965?|website=Snopes.com|date=July 31, 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}
</ref> In 1979, work began on the [[Novosibirsk Metro| Novosibirsk Metro Transit System]], culminating in the opening of the first line in 1985.<ref name=all/>

On 1 August 2008, Novosibirsk was in the center of the path of a [[solar eclipse of August 1, 2008|solar eclipse]], with a duration of 2 minutes and 20 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2008 August 01 (NASA/TP-2007-214149) |url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/20080801/rp.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref>