Editing November 18 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[326]] &ndash; The [[old St. Peter's Basilica]] is consecrated by [[Pope Sylvester I]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph N. Tylenda|title=The Pilgrim's Guide to Rome's Principal Churches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JI5NAAAAYAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5016-5|page=1}}</ref>
* [[401]] &ndash; The [[Visigoths]], led by king [[Alaric I]], cross the [[Alps]] and invade northern Italy.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thomas S. Burns|author2=Thomas Samuel Burns|title=Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, Ca. 375-425 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ms5CWtIQ5oC&pg=PA180|year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-31288-4|page=180}}</ref>
*[[1095]] &ndash; The [[Council of Clermont]] begins: called by [[Pope Urban II]], it led to the [[First Crusade]] to the [[Holy Land]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Runciman|title=A History of the Crusades: Volume 1, The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfY8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA107|year=1951|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-06161-2|page=107}}</ref>
*[[1105]] &ndash; Maginulfo is elected [[Antipope]] [[Antipope Sylvester IV|Sylvester IV]] in opposition to [[Pope Paschal II]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coulombe|first=Charles A.|title=Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes|location=New York|publisher=Citadel Press|date=2003|isbn=9780806523705|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tbYF51StSQC|page=230}}</ref>
*[[1210]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent III]] [[Excommunication|excommunicates]] [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto IV]] for invading the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] after promising to recognize papal control over it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=J.N.D.|last2=Walsh|first2=Michael J.|title=A Dictionary of Popes|location=Oxford, U.K.|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2010|isbn=9780191726811|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmcAQAAQBAJ|page=188|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last=Barber|first=Malcolm|title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320|location=New York|publisher=Routeldge|date=1992|isbn=9780415174145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fd59-dhrNQC|page=108|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last=Lee|first=Alexander|title=Humanism and Empire: The Imperial Ideal in Fourteenth-Century Italy|location=Oxford, U.K.|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018|isbn=9780199675159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42lNDwAAQBAJ|pages=311–312|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last1=Beck|first1=Hans-Georg|last2=Fink|first2=Karl August|last3=Glazik|first3=Josef|last4=Iserloh|first4=Erwing|last5=Wolter|first5=Hans|title=History of the Church. Volume IV|translator-last=Biggs|translator-first=Anselm|editor-last1=Jedin|editor-first1=Hubert|editor-last2=Dolan|editor-first2=John Patrick|location=New York|publisher=Crossroad|date=1980|isbn=9780824503147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJHYAAAAMAAJ|page=145}}</ref>
*[[1302]] &ndash; [[Pope Boniface VIII]] issues the [[Papal bull]] ''[[Unam sanctam]]'', claiming spiritual supremacy for the papacy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alzog|first=Johannes|title=Manual of Universal Church History. Volume II|translator-last1=Pabisch|translator-first1=F.J.|translator-last2=Byrne|translator-first2=Thomas S.|location=Dublin|publisher=M.H. Gill & Son|date=1907|oclc=28285304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-YpAQAAIAAJ|page=448}}</ref>
*[[1421]] &ndash; [[St. Elizabeth's flood (1421)|St Elizabeth's flood]]: A dike in the [[Grote Hollandse Waard]] in the Netherlands breaks, killing about 10,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maleki|first1=Mousa|last2=Eslamian|first2=Saeid|chapter=History of World Extreme Floods|title=Flood Handbook: Principles and Applications|editor-last1=Eslamian|editor-first1=Saeid|editor-last2=Eslamian|editor-first2=Faezeh A.|location=Boca Raton, Fla.|publisher=CRC Press|date=2022|isbn=9781138584938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGZjEAAAQBAJ|page=252}}</ref>
*[[1493]] &ndash; [[Christopher Columbus]] first sights the island now known as [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Fuson|first=Robert H.|chapter=The Columbian Voyages|title=North American Exploration. Volume 1: A New World Disclosed|editor-last=Allen|editor-first=John Logan|location=Lincoln, Neb.|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=1997|isbn=9780803210158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RGlz9a4wVYC|page=173}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1601]] &ndash; [[Tiryaki Hasan Pasha]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] provincial governor, routs the Habsburg forces commanded by [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria]] who were [[Siege of Nagykanizsa|besieging Nagykanizsa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gündoğdu|first=Rasit|title=The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire|location=Istanbul|publisher=Rumuz Publishing|date=2017|isbn=9786055112158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vDVDwAAQBAJ|pages=94–95|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|editor-last1=Güzel|editor-first1=Hasan Celal|editor-last2=Oğuz|editor-first2=Cem|editor-last3=Karatay|editor-first3=Osman|title=The Turks|volume =2: Ottomans|location=Ankara|publisher=Yeni Türkiye Publications|date=2014|isbn=9789756782552|pages=327–328}}</ref>
*[[1626]] &ndash; The new [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome is consecrated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coulombe|first=Charles A.|title=Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes|location=New York|publisher=Citadel Press|date=2003|isbn=9780806523705|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tbYF51StSQC|page=362}}</ref>
*[[1730]] &ndash; The future [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick the Great]] of Prussia is granted a pardon by his father and is released from confinement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reiners|first=Ludwig|title=Frederick the Great: A Biography|location=New York|publisher=G. P. Putnam & Sons|date=1960|oclc=221946415|url=https://archive.org/details/frederickgreatbi0000rein|pages=51–52}}</ref>
*[[1760]] &ndash; The rebuilt [[debtors' prison]], at the [[Castellania (Valletta)|Castellania]] in [[Valletta]], receives the first prisoners.<ref>{{cite book|last=Godwin|first=G.N.|title=A Guide to the Maltese Islands|location=Paolo Bonavia, Malta|date=1880|oclc=17569596|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLANAAAAQAAJ|page=123}}</ref>
*[[1803]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Vertières]], the last major battle of the [[Haitian Revolution]], is fought, leading to the establishment of the [[Republic of Haiti]], the first black republic in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Welch|first=Kimberly|chapter=Dessalines, Jean-Jacques (c. 1758–1806)|title=Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Vol. 1: A–N|editor-last=Rodriguez|editor-first=Junius P.|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=Greenwood Press|date=2007|isbn=9780313332722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h86YKfO-9RgC|page=163}}</ref>
*[[1809]] &ndash; In a [[Action of 18 November 1809|naval action]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], French [[frigate]]s defeat British [[East Indiamen]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=William|title=The Naval History of Great Britain, From the Declaration of War by France in February 1793 to the Accession of George IV in January 1820. Vol. 5|location=London|publisher=Harding, Lepard & Co.|date=1826|oclc=832501326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpUXwMOYJ-YC|pages=292–295}}</ref>
*[[1812]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: The [[Battle of Krasnoi]] ends in French defeat, but [[Marshal of France]] [[Michel Ney]]'s leadership leads to him becoming known as "the bravest of the brave".
*[[1863]] &ndash; King [[Christian IX of Denmark]] signs the [[History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution|November constitution]] that declares [[Schleswig]] to be part of Denmark. This is seen by the [[German Confederation]] as a violation of the [[London Protocol (1852)|London Protocol]] and leads to the [[Second Schleswig War|German–Danish war of 1864]].
*[[1867]] &ndash; [[1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami|An earthquake]] strikes the [[Virgin Islands]], triggering the largest [[tsunami]] witnessed in the [[Caribbean]] and killing dozens.<ref>{{cite web |author1=National Earthquake Information Center |title=M 7.3 – The 1867 Virgin Islands Earthquake |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/eqh18671118184500000/executive |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=19 November 2022 |date=11 January 2020}}</ref>
*[[1872]] &ndash; [[Susan B. Anthony]] and 14 other women are arrested for voting illegally in the United States [[1872 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1872]].
*[[1883]] &ndash; In the "day of two noons," American and Canadian railroad companies institute four standard continental [[time zone]]s, ending the confusion of thousands of [[Time in the United States#History|local times]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weintraub |first1=Karen |title=Why Americans shifted, scrapped minutes and changed time forever 141 years ago |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/11/18/standardized-time-zones-america-anniversary/76399939007/ |website=[[USA TODAY]] |date=18 November 2024 |language=en |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1901]] &ndash; Britain and the United States sign the [[Hay–Pauncefote Treaty]], which nullifies the [[Clayton–Bulwer Treaty]] and withdraws British objections to an American-controlled canal in Panama.
*[[1903]] &ndash; The [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty]] is signed by the United States and [[Panama]], giving the United States exclusive rights over the [[Panama Canal Zone]].
*[[1905]] &ndash; Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King [[Haakon VII of Norway]].
*[[1909]] &ndash; Two United States [[warship]]s are sent to [[Nicaragua]] after 500 [[revolutionaries]] (including two Americans) are executed by order of [[José Santos Zelaya]].
*[[1910]] &ndash; In their campaign for women's voting rights, hundreds of [[suffragettes]] march to the [[Palace of Westminster|British Parliament]] in London. Several are beaten by police, newspaper attention embarrasses the authorities, and the march is dubbed [[Black Friday (1910)|Black Friday]].<ref name="18_November_1910_UK_suffragettes" />
*[[1916]] &ndash; [[World War I]]: [[Battle of the Somme|First Battle of the Somme]]: In France, [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] commander [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]] calls off the battle which started on July 1, 1916.
*[[1918]] &ndash; [[Latvia]] declares its independence from Russia.
*[[1928]] &ndash; Release of the animated short ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'', the first fully synchronized sound [[cartoon]].
*[[1929]] &ndash; [[1929 Grand Banks earthquake|Grand Banks earthquake]]: Off the south coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in the Atlantic Ocean, a [[Richter magnitude]] 7.2 submarine earthquake, centered on the  [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]], breaks 12 submarine [[transatlantic telegraph cable]]s and triggers a [[tsunami]] that destroys many south coast communities in the [[Burin Peninsula]].
*[[1940]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: German leader [[Adolf Hitler]] and Italian Foreign Minister [[Galeazzo Ciano]] meet to discuss [[Benito Mussolini]]'s disastrous [[Italian invasion of Greece]].
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: [[Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)|Battle of Berlin]]: Four hundred and forty [[Royal Air Force]] planes bomb Berlin causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses nine aircraft and 53 air crew.
*[[1944]] &ndash; The [[Popular Socialist Youth]] is founded in [[Cuba]].
*[[1947]] &ndash; The [[Ballantyne's fire|Ballantyne's Department Store fire]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, kills 41; it is the worst fire disaster in the history of New Zealand.
*[[1949]] &ndash; The [[Iva Valley]] Shooting occurs after the coal miners of [[Enugu (city)|Enugu]] in [[Nigeria]] go on [[Strike action|strike]] over withheld wages; 21 miners are shot dead and 51 are wounded by police under the supervision of the [[Colonial Nigeria|British colonial administration of Nigeria]].
*[[1961]] &ndash; United States President [[John F. Kennedy]] sends 18,000 military advisors to [[South Vietnam]].<ref>''Defending the Free World: John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965'' {{ISBN|0-27596-279-2}} p. 56</ref><ref>''The Fog of War: Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara'' {{ISBN|978-0-742-54221-1}} p. 282</ref>
*[[1963]] &ndash; The first [[push-button telephone]] goes into service.
*[[1970]] &ndash; U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] asks the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] for $155&nbsp;million in supplemental aid for the [[Cambodia]]n government.
*[[1971]] &ndash; [[Oman]] declares its independence from the [[United Kingdom]].
*[[1978]] &ndash; The [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet]] makes its first flight, at the [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River|Naval Air Test Center]] in [[Maryland]], United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=F/A-18 Hornet|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/f-18.htm|website=Military Analysis Network|access-date=March 24, 2021}}</ref>
*  1978   &ndash; In [[Jonestown|Jonestown, Guyana]], [[Jim Jones]] leads his [[Peoples Temple]] to a mass [[murder–suicide]] that claimed 918 lives in all, 909 of them in Jonestown itself, including over 270 children. 
*  [[1983]] &ndash; [[Aeroflot Flight 6833]] is hijacked en route from [[Tbilisi]] to [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. After returning to Tbilisi, the aircraft is subsequentially raided on the ground, resulting in seven deaths.<ref name="pol">{{in lang|ka}} [http://www.pol.ge/archive/jinsebis_taoba.html თვითმფრინავის გამტაცებლები (The Hijackers).] ''Archive Administration of Ministry of Internal Affairs''. Retrieved 25 April 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193108/http://www.pol.ge/archive/jinsebis_taoba.html|date=11 October 2007}}</ref> 
*  [[1985]] &ndash; The first comic of [[Calvin and Hobbes]] is published in ten newspapers.<ref name="pr_calvin">{{cite web |title=The Complete Calvin and Hobbes |url=http://www.andrewsmcmeel.com/calvinandhobbes/pr_calvin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026183516/http://www.andrewsmcmeel.com/calvinandhobbes/pr_calvin.html |archive-date=2005-10-26 |access-date=2009-05-02 |publisher=[[Andrews & McMeel]]}}</ref> 
*[[1987]] &ndash; [[King's Cross fire]]: In London, 31 people die in a fire at the city's busiest [[London Underground|underground]] station, [[King's Cross St Pancras tube station|King's Cross St Pancras]].
*[[1991]] &ndash; [[Shiite]] Muslim kidnappers in [[Lebanon]] release [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] envoys [[Terry Waite]] and [[Thomas Sutherland (academic)|Thomas Sutherland]].
*  1991   &ndash; After an 87-day [[Battle of Vukovar|siege]], the [[Croatia]]n city of [[Vukovar]] capitulates to the besieging Yugoslav People's Army and allied Serb paramilitary forces.
*  1991   &ndash; The autonomous [[Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia|Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia]], which would in 1993 become a republic, was established in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |date=2010 |chapter= Politics in Croatia since 1990 |editor-last=Ramet |editor-first=Sabrina P. |title=Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=258–285 |isbn=9781139487504}}</ref>
*[[1993]] &ndash; In the United States, the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) is approved by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].
*  1993   &ndash; In South Africa, 21 political parties approve a new [[Constitution of South Africa|constitution]], expanding voting rights and ending white minority rule.
*[[1996]] &ndash; A [[1996 Channel Tunnel fire|fire]] occurs on a train traveling through the [[Channel Tunnel]] from France to England causing several injuries and damaging approximately 500 metres (1,600&nbsp;ft) of tunnel.  
*[[1999]] &ndash; At Texas A&M University, the [[Aggie Bonfire#1999 collapse|Aggie Bonfire]] collapses killing 12 students and injuring 27 others.
*[[2002]] &ndash; [[Iraq disarmament crisis]]: [[United Nations]] weapons inspectors led by [[Hans Blix]] arrive in [[Iraq]].
*[[2003]] &ndash; The [[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court]] rules 4–3 in ''[[Goodridge v. Department of Public Health]]'' that the state's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and gives the state legislature 180{{nbsp}}days to change the law making Massachusetts the first state in the United States to grant marriage rights to same-sex couples.
*[[2012]] &ndash; [[Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria]] becomes the [[List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria|118th]] [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]].
*[[2013]] &ndash; [[NASA]] launches the [[MAVEN]] probe to [[Mars]].
*[[2020]] &ndash; The [[Utah monolith]], built sometime in 2016 is discovered by state biologists of the [[Utah Division of Wildlife Resources]].<ref name="cnn-utah-monolith-art-trnd">{{Cite news|last=Asmelash|first=Leah|date=24 November 2020|title=Utah helicopter crew discovers mysterious metal monolith deep in the desert|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/utah-monolith-art-trnd/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124074434/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/utah-monolith-art-trnd/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>