Editing North East England (section)

==History==
[[File:Durham St Cuthbert.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|12th-century wall-painting of St Cuthbert in Durham Cathedral]]

The region's historic importance is displayed by Northumberland's ancient castles, the two [[World Heritage Sites]] of [[Durham Cathedral]] and [[Durham Castle]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher= UNESCO|title= World Heretige List: Durham Cathedral and Castle|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/370|access-date= 5 April 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090219003730/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/370|archive-date= 19 February 2009|url-status= live}}</ref> and [[Hadrian's Wall]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher= UNESCO|title= World Heretige List: Frontiers of the Roman Empire|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430|access-date= 5 April 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170506113424/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430|archive-date= 6 May 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> one of the frontiers of the [[Roman Empire]]. In fact, Roman archaeology can be found widely across the region and a special exhibition based around the Roman Fort of Segedunum at Wallsend<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Tyne & Wear Archives and Museums|title=Segedunum, Where Roman Life Begins|url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/segedunum-roman-fort.html|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912090628/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/segedunum-roman-fort.html|archive-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> and the other forts along Hadrian's Wall are complemented by the numerous artifacts that are displayed in the Great North Museum Hancock<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums|title=Great North Museum Hancock, Roman Empire|url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/great-north-museum/whats-on/displays/roman-empire.html|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513074317/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/great-north-museum/whats-on/displays/roman-empire.html|archive-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> in Newcastle. [[St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth|St. Peter's Church]] in [[Monkwearmouth]], Sunderland and St. Pauls in [[Jarrow]] also hold significant historical value and have a joint bid to become a World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Twin Monastery of Wearmouth Jarrow |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5681/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in works such as the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] and the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC|title=Lindisfarne Gospels|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml|access-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811032451/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml|archive-date=11 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The works of [[Cuthbert]] (634–687&nbsp;AD), [[Bede]] (673–735&nbsp;AD) and [[Hilda of Whitby]] (614–680&nbsp;AD) were hugely influential in the early church, and are still venerated by some today.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=history today|title=St Cuthbert Reburied in Durham Cathedral|url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/st-cuthbert-reburied-durham-cathedral|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513120319/http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/st-cuthbert-reburied-durham-cathedral|archive-date=13 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last=Green|publisher=Parish Church of St. Wilfrid, Bognor|title=In Search of St. Hilda|url=http://www.wilfrid.com/saints/search_of_hilda06.htm|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203101919/http://www.wilfrid.com/saints/search_of_hilda06.htm|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> These saints are usually associated with the monasteries on the island of [[Lindisfarne]], [[Wearmouth-Jarrow]], and the Abbey at [[Whitby]], though they are also associated with many other religious sites in the region. Bede is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar. He worked at the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, translating some forty books on all areas of knowledge, including nature, history, astronomy, poetry and theological matters such as the lives of the saints. His best known work is "[[The Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]".<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Durham World Heritage Site|title=Venerable Bede|url=http://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/bede|access-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019072711/http://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/bede|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> One of the most famous pieces of art and literature created in the region is the ''[[Lindisfarne Gospels]]'', thought to be the work of a monk named Eadfrith, who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698. This body of work is thought to have been created in honour of Cuthbert, around 710–720.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=British Broadcasting Corp.|title=The Lindisfarne Gospels|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml|access-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811032451/http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne/features/gospels/gospels_tense_past.shtml|archive-date=11 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 793, the Vikings arrived on the shores of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kris|last=Hirst|publisher=About.com Guide|title=Viking Raids: The Early Medieval Practice of Viking Raids|url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/vikings/qt/viking_raid.htm|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072439/http://archaeology.about.com/od/vikings/qt/viking_raid.htm|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter."  There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until [[William the Conqueror]] defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Simpson|publisher=EnglandsNortheast|title=History of Northumbria:Viking era 866&nbsp;AD to 1066&nbsp;AD|url=http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730071112/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.html|archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves"<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Wood|publisher=Guild Publishing|title=Domesday:A Search for the Roots of England|year=1986|page=129}}</ref>

The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria extended from the Scottish borders (then [[Pictish]] borders) at the Firth of Forth to the north, and to the south of [[York]], its capital, down to the Humber. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was [[Eric Bloodaxe]], who died at the [[Battle of Stainmore]], Westmorland, in 954. After Eric Bloodaxe's death, all England was ruled by [[Eadred]], the grandson of [[Alfred the Great]]; and so began the machinery of national government.<ref>{{cite book|first=Neil|last=Oliver| author-link = Neil Oliver|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|title=Vikings A History|year=2012|isbn=978-0-297-86787-6|page=237}}</ref> Today, the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of north-east England and in the [[DNA]] of its people.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Richardson|publisher=Laing Art Gallery|title=Migration: Geordie Vikings|date=24 June 2013 |url=http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/migration-geordie-vikings/|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728050724/http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/engage/blog/migration-geordie-vikings/|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> The name [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] comes from the castle built shortly after the conquest in 1080 by [[Robert Curthose]], William the Conqueror's eldest son.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}